3,203
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Longitudinal studies on cohesion in a military context – A systematic review

, &
Pages 732-741 | Received 09 Dec 2020, Accepted 09 Feb 2022, Published online: 02 Mar 2022

References

  • Adler, A. B., Williams, J., McGurk, D., Moss, A., & Bliese, P. D. (2015). Resilience training with soldiers during basic combat training: Randomisation by Platoon. Health and Well- Being, 7(1), 85–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12040
  • Ahronson, A., & Cameron, J. (2007). The nature and consequences of group cohesion in a military sample. Military Psychology, 19(1), 9–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995600701323277
  • Anderson, L., Campbell-Sills, L., Ursano, R. J., Kessler, R. C., Sun, X., Heeringa, S. G., Nock, M. K., Bliese, P. D., Gonzalez, G. H. W., Jain, S., & Stein, M. B. (2019). Prospective associations of perceived unit cohesion with postdeployment mental health outcomes. Depression & Anxiety, 36(6), 511–521. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22884
  • Arthur, C. A., & Hardy, L. (2014). Transformational leadership: A quasi-experimental study. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 35(1), 38–53. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-03-2012-0033
  • Bartone, P. T., & Adler, A. B. (1999). Cohesion over time in a peacekeeping medical task force. Military Psychology, 11(1), 85–107. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327876mp1101_5
  • Bartone, P. T., Johnsen, B. H., Eid, J., Brun, W., & Laberg, J. C. (2002). Factors influencing small-unit cohesion in Norwegian Navy officer cadets. Military Psychology, 14(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327876MP1401_01
  • Beal, D. J., Cohen, R. R., Burke, M. J., & McLendon, C. L. (2003). Cohesion and performance in groups: A meta-analytic clarification of construct relations. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(6), 989–1004. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.6.989
  • Bliese, P. D., & Halverson, R. R. (1996). Individual and nomothetic models of job stress: An examination of work hours, cohesion, and well-being. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26(13), 1171–1189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb02291.x
  • Börjesson, M., Österberg, J., & Enander, A. (2011). Risk and safety attitudes among conscripts during compulsory military training. Military Psychology, 23(6), 659–684. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2011.616815
  • Breslau, J., Setodji, C. M., & Vaughan, C. A. (2016). Is cohesion within military units associated with post-deployment behavioural and mental health outcomes? Journal of Affective Disorders, 198, 102–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.053
  • Britt, T. W., & Dawson, C. R. (2005). Predicting work-family conflict from workload, job attitudes, group attributes, and health; A longitudinal study. Military Psychology, 17(3), 203–227. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327876mp1703_5
  • Bury, P. (2018). Future reserves 2020: Perceptions of cohesion, readiness and transformation in the British army reserve. Defence Studies, 18(4), 411–432. https://doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2018.1511373
  • Campbell-Sills, L., Flynn, P. J., Choi, K. W., Ng, T. H. H., Aliaga, P. A., Broshek, C., Jain, S., Kessler, R. C., Stein, M. B., Ursano, R. J., & Bliese, P. D. (2022). Unit cohesion during deployment and post-deployment mental health: Is cohesion an individual- or unit-level buffer for combat-exposed soldiers? Psychological Medicine, 52(1), 121–131. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720001786
  • Carless, S. A., & De Paola, C. (2000). The measurement of cohesion in work teams. Small Group Research, 31(1), 71–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/104649640003100104
  • Carron, A. V., Brawley, L. R., & Widmeyer, W. N. (1998). The measurement of cohesiveness in sport groups. In J. L. Duda (Ed.), Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement (pp. 213–226). Fitness Information Technology.
  • Carron, A. V., Widmeyer, W. N., & Brawley, L. R. (1985). The development of an instrument to assess cohesion in sport teams: The Group Environment Questionnaire. Journal of Sport Psychology, 7, 244–266. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsp.7.3.244
  • Casey-Campbell, M., & Martens, M. L. (2009). Sticking it all together: A critical assessment of the group cohesion-performance literature. International Journal of Management Reviews, 11(2), 223–246. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2008.00239.x
  • Chiocchio, F., & Essiembre, H. (2009). Cohesion and performance: A meta-analytic review of disparities between project teams, production teams, and service teams. Small Group Research, 40(4), 382–420. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496409335103
  • Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24(4), 349–354. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0047358
  • Dion, K. L. (2000). Group cohesion: From “field of forces” to multidimensional construct. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 4(1), 7–26. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2699.4.1.7
  • Eathough, E., Chang, C.-H., & Hall, N. (2015). Getting roped in: Group cohesion, trust, and efficacy following a ropes course intervention. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 28(2), 65–89. https://doi.org/10.1002/piq.21183
  • Evans, C. R., & Dion, K. L. (2012). Group cohesion and performance: A meta-analysis. Small Group Research, 43(6), 690–701. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496412468074
  • Foran, H. M., & Adler, A. B. (2013). Trainee perceptions of drill sergeant qualities during basic combat training. Military Psychology, 25(6), 577–587. https://doi.org/10.1037/mil0000023
  • Gilbar, O., Ben-Zur, H., & Lubin, G. (2010). Coping, mastery, stress appraisals, mental preparation and unit cohesion predicting distress and performance: A longitudinal study of soldiers undertaking evacuation tasks. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 23(5), 547–562. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615801003640023
  • Goodwin, G. F., Blacksmith, N., & Coats, M. R. (2018). The science of teams in the military: Contributions from over 60 years of research. American Psychologist, 73(4), 322–333. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000259
  • Griffith, J. (1988). Measurement of group cohesion in U.S. Army units. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 9(2), 149–171. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp0902_6
  • Griffith, J. (2002). Multilevel analysis of cohesion’s relation to stress, well-being, identification, disintegration, and perceived combat readiness. Military Psychology, 14(3), 217–239. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327876MP1403_3
  • Griffith, J., & Vaitkus, M. (1999). Relating cohesion to stress, strain, disintegration, and performance: An organizing framework. Military Psychology, 11(1), 27–55. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327876mp1101_3
  • Grossman, R., Rosch, Z., Mazer, D., & Salas, E. (2015). “What matters for team cohesion measurement? A synthesis,” Team cohesion: Advances in psychological theory, methods and practice (Research on managing groups and teams (Vol. 17). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1534-085620150000017007
  • Gully, S. M., Devine, D. J., & Whitney, D. J. (1995). A meta-analysis of cohesion and performance: Effects of level of analysis and task interdependence. Small Group Research, 26(4), 497–520. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496495264003
  • Hadid, A., Evans, R. K., Yanovich, R., Luria, O., & Moran, D. S. (2008). Motivation, cohesion, satisfaction, and their relation to stress fracture among female military recruits. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 104(2), 329–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-008-0717-7
  • Han, S. C., Castro, F., Lee, L. O., Charney, M. E., Marx, B. P., Brailey, K., Proctor, S. P., & Vasterling, J. J. (2014). Military unit support, postdeployment social support, and PTSD ‘ symptoms among active duty and National Guard soldiers deployed to Iraq. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(5), 446–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.04.004
  • Higgins, J. P. T., & Green, S. (Eds.). (2011). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. The Cochrane Collaboration. https://handbook.cochrane.org/
  • Johnston, J. H., Phillips, H. L., Milham, L. M., Riddle, D. L., Townsend, L. N., DeCostanza, A. H., Patton, D. J., Cox, K. R., & Fitzhugh, S. M. (2019). A team training field research study: Extending a theory of team development. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(1480), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01480
  • Jones, N., Whelan, C., Harden, L., Macfarlane, A., Burdett, H., & Greenberg, N. (2019). Resilience-based intervention for UK military recruits: A randomised controlled trail. Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 76(2), 90–96. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-105503
  • Jonsson, E. (2009). Erfarenheter avseende personalförsörjning från länder som övergått från pliktbaserat till frivilligbaserat försvar [Experiences regarding staffing from countries that have changed from duty-based to all-volunteer forces] (PM ILM-K 1-2009). Swedish Defence University.
  • Jordan, M. H., Field, H. S., & Armenakis, A. A. (2002). The relationship of group process variables and team performance. A team-level analysis in a field setting. Small Group Research, 33(1), 121–150. https://doi.org/10.1177/104649640203300104
  • Kennedy, C., Brooks-Young, P., Gray, C., Larkin, P., Connolly, M., Wilde-Larsson, B., Larsson, M., Smith, T., & Chater, S. (2014). Diagnosing dying: An integrative literature review. British Medical Journal of Supportive & Palliative Care, 4(3), 263–270. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2013-000621
  • Kessler, R. C., Colpe, L. J., Fullerton, C. S., Gebler, N., Naifeh, J. A., Nock, M., Sampson, N. A., Schoenbaum, M., Zaslavsky, A. M., Stein, M. B., Ursano, R. J., and Heeringa, S. G. (2013). Design of the Army study to assess risk and resilience in servicemembers (Army STARRS). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 22(4), 267–275. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mpr.1401.
  • King, L. A., King, D. W., Vogt, D. S., Knight, J., & Samper, R. E. (2006). Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory: A collection of measures for studying deployment-related experiences of military personnel and veterans. Military Psychology, 18(2), 89–120. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327876mp1802_1
  • Kline, A., Ciccone, D. S., Weiner, M., Interian, A., St. Hill, L., Falca-Dodson, M., Black, C. M., & Losonczy, M. (2013). Gender differences in the risk and Pprotective factors associated with PTSD: A prospective study of national guard troops deployed to Iraq. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 76(3), 256–272. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2013.76.3.256
  • Kozlowski, S. W. J., & Ilgen, D. R. (2006). Enhancing the effectiveness of work groups and teams. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 7(3), 77–124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-1006.2006.00030.x
  • Maguen, S., & Litz, B. T. (2006). Predictors of morale in U.S. Peacekeepers. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(4), 820–836. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00045.x
  • Mangelsdorff, A. D., & Moses, G. R. (1993). A survey of army medical department reserve personnel mobilized in support of operation desert storm. Military Medicine, 158(4), 254–258. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/158.4.254
  • Manning, F. J., & Ingraham, L. H. (1983). An investigation into the value of unit cohesion in peacetime. Walter Reed Army Institute of Research.
  • McAndrew, L. M., Markowitz, S., Lu, S.-E., Borders, A., Rothman, D., & Quigley, K. (2017). Resilience during war: Better unit cohesion and reductions in avoidant coping are associated with better mental health function after combat deployment. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(1), 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000152
  • Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G., & the PRISMA group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and metaanalyses: The PRISMA statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151(4), 264–269. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135
  • Mullen, B., & Copper, C. (1994). The relation between group cohesiveness and performance: An integration. Psychological Bulletin, 115(2), 210–227. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.115.2.210
  • Nielsen, M. B. (2013). Bullying in work groups: the impact of leadership. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 54(2), 127–136. doi: 10.1111/sjop.12011
  • Oliver, L. W., Harman, J., Hoover, E., Hayes, S. M., & Pandhi, N. A. (1999). A quantitative integration of the military cohesion literature. Military Psychology, 11(1), 57–83. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327876mp1101_4
  • Orme, G. J., & Kehoe, E. J. (2019). Development of cohesion in mixed-gender recruit training. Military Medicine, 184(7–8). https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usy409
  • Orme, G. J., & Kehoe, E. J. (2020). Cohesion and performance in military occupation specialty training. Military Medicine, 185(3–4), 325–330. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz217
  • Pietrzak, E., Pullman, S., Cotea, C., & Nasveld, P. (2012). Effects of deployment on mental health in modern military forces: A review of longitudinal studies. Journal of Military and Veteran’s Health, 20(3), 24–36.
  • Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (1994). An examination of the psychometric properties and nomological validity of some revised and reduced substitutes for leadership scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(5), 702–713. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.79.5.702
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63(1), 539–569. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452
  • Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2012). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice. Wolters Kluwer Health.
  • Polusny, M. A., Erbes, C. R., Murdoch, M., Arbisi, P. A., Thuras, P., & Rath, M. B. (2011). Prospective risk factors for new-onset post-traumatic stress disorder in National Guard soldiers deployed to Iraq. Psychological Medicine, 41(4), 687–698. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710002047
  • Reed-Fitzke, K., & Lucier-Greer, M. (2019). The buffering effect of relationships on combat exposure, military performance, and mental health of U.S. military soldiers: A vantage point for CFTS. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 46(2), 321–336. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12402
  • Rosh, L., Offerman, L. R., & Van Diest, R. (2012). Too close for comfort? Distinguishing between team intimacy and team cohesion. Human Resource Management Review, 22(2), 116–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2011.11.004
  • Salas, E., Estrada, A. X., & Vessey, W. B. (2015). Team cohesion: Advances in psychological theory, methods and practice (Vol. 17). Emerald Group Publishing.
  • Salo, M. (2011). United we stand-divided we fall: A standard model of unit cohesion. Phd. Dissertation, University of Helsinki.
  • Sandelowski, M., Voils, C. I., & Barroso, J. (2006). Defining and designing mixed research synthesis studies. Research in the Schools, 13(1), 29–44. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2809982/
  • Sansdalen, T., Hov, R., Høye, S., Rystedt, I., & Wilde-Larsson, B. (2015). Patients’ preferences in palliative care: A systematic mixed studies review. Palliative Medicine, 29(5), 399–419. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269216314557882
  • Santoro, J. M., Dixon, A. J., Chang, C. H., & Kozlowski, S. W. J. (2015). Measuring and monitoring the dynamics of team cohesion: Methods, emerging tools, and advanced technologies. E. Salas, A. X. Estrada, and W. B. Vessey (Eds.), Team cohesion: Advances in psychological theory, methods and practice (Research on managing groups and teams) (Vol. 17, pp. 115–145). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1534-085620150000017006
  • Seers, A. (1989). Team-member exchange quality: A new construct for role-making research. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 43(1), 118–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(89)90060-5
  • Severt, J., & Estrada, A. X. (2015). On the function and structure of group cohesion. E. Salas, A. X. Estrada, and W. B. Vessey (Eds.), Team cohesion: Advances in psychological theory, methods and practice (Research on managing groups and teams) (Vol. 17, pp. 3–24). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1534-085620150000017002
  • Siebold, G. L. (2007). The essence of military group cohesion. Armed Forces & Society, 33(2), 286–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X06294173
  • Siebold, G. L., & Kelly, D. R. (1988). Development of the Platoon cohesion index. Technical report, US Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.
  • Smith, B. N., Vaughn, R. A., Vogt, D., King, D. W., King, L. A., & Shipherd, J. C. (2013). Main and interactive effects of social support in predicting mental health symptoms in men and women following military stressor exposure. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 26(1), 52–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2011.634001
  • Steenkamp, M. M., Boasso, A. M., Nash, W. P., & Litz, B. T. (2014). Does mental health stigma change across the deployment cycle? Military Medicine, 179(12), 1449–1452. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-14-00188
  • Thomassen, Å. G., Hystad, S. W., Johnsen, B. H., Johnsen, G. E., Laberg, J. C., & Eid, J. (2015). The combined influence of hardiness and cohesion on mental health in a military peacekeeping mission: A prospective study. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 56(5), 560–566. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12235
  • Vaitkus, M., & Griffith, J. (1990). An evaluation of unit replacement on unit cohesion and Individual morale in the U.S. Army all-volunteer force. Military Psychology, 2(4), 221–239. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327876mp0204_3
  • Vogelaar, A. L. W., & Kuipers, H. (1997). Reciprocal longitudinal relations between leader and follower effectiveness. Military Psychology, 9(3), 199–212. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327876mp0903_2
  • Williams, A., Hagerty, B. M., Andrei, A.-C., Yousha, S. M., Hirth, R. A., & Hoyle, K. S. (2016). STARS: Strategies to assist navy recruits’ success. Military Medicine, 172(9), 942–949. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED.172.9.942
  • Wright, K. M., Cabrera, O. A., Bliese, P. D., Adler, A. B., Hoge, C. W., & Castro, C. A. (2009). Stigma and barriers to care in soldiers postcombat. Psychological Services, 6(2), 108–116. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012620