Health disparities among millennial veterans by sexual orientation

References

• America’s Health Rankings. United Health Foundation. (2020). America’s health rankings. https://www.americashealthrankings.org/
   Google Scholar
• Anderson-Carpenter, K. D., Rutledge, J. D., & Mitchell, K. (2020). Prescription opioid misuse among heterosexual versus lesbian, gay, and bisexual military veterans: Evidence from the 2015–2017 national survey of drug use and health. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 207, 107794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aquilino, W. S. (1994). Interview mode effects in surveys of drug and alcohol use: A field experiment. Public Opinion Quarterly, 58(2), 210–240. https://doi.org/10.1086/269419
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blosnich, J. R., Gordon, A. J., & Fine, M. J. (2015). Associations of sexual and gender minority status with health indicators, health risk factors, and social stressors in a national sample of young adults with military experience. Annals of Epidemiology, 25(9), 661–667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowleg, L. (2012). The problem with the phrase women and minorities: Intersectionality—an important theoretical framework for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 102(7), 1267–1273. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services. (2021). 2020 national survey on drug use and health (NSDUH). In Center for behavioral health statistics and quality, substance abuse and mental health services. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Statistical brief using sexual orientation, gender identity, sex, and sex-at-birth variables in analysis. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/data_documentation/pdf/BRFSS-SOGI-Stat-Brief-508.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Conron, K. J., & Goldberg, S. K. (2020). Adult LGBT population in the United States. The Williams Institute, UCLA. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/LGBT-Adult-US-Pop-Jul-2020.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cortes, J., Fletcher, T. L., Latini, D. M., & Kauth, M. R. (2019). Mental health differences between older and younger lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender veterans: Evidence of resilience. Clinical Gerontologist, 42(2), 162–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317115.2018.1523264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, A. K., Lin, L. A., Ilgen, M. A., & Bohnert, K. M. (2018). Recent cannabis use among veterans in the United States: Results from a national sample. Addictive Behaviors, 76, 223–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.08.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, L. M. (2021). The new genetic evidence on same-gender sexuality: Implications for sexual fluidity and multiple forms of sexual diversity. The Journal of Sex Research, 58(7), 818–837. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2021.1879721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyar, C., Taggart, T. C., Rodriguez-Seijas, C., Thompson, R. G., Elliott, J. C., Hasin, D. S., & Eaton, N. R. (2019). Physical health disparities across dimensions of sexual orientation, race/ ethnicity, and sex: Evidence for increased risk among bisexual adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(1), 225–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1169-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisen, S. V., Schultz, M. R., Vogt, D., Glickman, M. E., Elwy, A. R., Drainoni, M.-L., Osei-Bonsu, P. E., & Martin, J. (2012). Mental and physical health status and alcohol and drug use following return from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan. American Journal of Public Health, 102(S1), S66–S73. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feinstein, B. A., & Dyar, C. (2017). Bisexuality, minority stress, and health. Current Sexual Health Reports, 9(1), 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11930-017-0096-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flentje, A., Heck, N. C., Brennan, J. M., & Meyer, I. H. (2020). The relationship between minority stress and biological outcomes: A systematic review. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 43(5), 673–694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-019-00120-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost, D. M., Lehavot, K., & Meyer, I. H. (2015). Minority stress and physical health among sexual minority individuals. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 38(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-013-9523-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennessy, C. H., Moriarty, D. G., Zack, M. M., Scherr, P. A., & Brackbill, R. (1994). Measuring health-related quality of life for public health surveillance. Public Health Reports, 109(5), 665–672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoerster, K. D., Millstein, R. A., Hall, K. S., Gray, K. E., Reiber, G. E., Nelson, K. M., & Saelens, B. E. (2015). Individual and contextual correlates of physical activity among a clinical sample of United States veterans. Social Science & Medicine, 142, 100–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.07.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, J. (2021, February 24). LGBT identification rises to 5.6% in latest U.S. estimate. Gallup.Com. https://news.gallup.com/poll/329708/lgbt-identification-rises-latest-estimate.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Jones, J. (2022, February 17). LGBT identification in U.S. ticks up to 7.1%. Gallup.Com. https://news.gallup.com/poll/389792/lgbt-identification-ticks-up.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L. J., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D. K., Normand, S. -L. T., Walters, E. E., & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32(6), 959–976. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291702006074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Barker, P. R., Colpe, L. J., Epstein, J. F., Gfroerer, J. C., Hiripi, E., Howes, M. J., Normand, S.-L. T., Manderscheid, R. W., Walters, E. E., & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2003). Screening for serious mental illness in the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(2), 184–189. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.2.184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Bromet, E., Cuitan, M., Furukawa, T. A., Gureje, O., Hinkov, H., Hu, C.-Y., Lara, C., Lee, S., Mneimneh, Z., Myer, L., Oakley-Browne, M., Posada-Villa, J., Sagar, R., Viana, M. C., & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2010). Screening for serious mental illness in the general population with the K6 screening scale: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) survey initiative. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 19(S1), 4–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, M., Semlyen, J., Tai, S. S., Killaspy, H., Osborn, D., Popelyuk, D., & Nazareth, I. (2008). A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people. BMC Psychiatry, 8(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-8-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knisely, J. S., Wunsch, M. J., Cropsey, K. L., & Campbell, E. D. (2008). Prescription Opioid Misuse Index: A brief questionnaire to assess misuse. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 35(4), 380–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2008.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krieger, N. (2003). Genders, sexes, and health: What are the connections—and why does it matter? International Journal of Epidemiology, 32(4), 652–657. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyg156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, J. M., Rothman, K. J., & Cann, C. I. (1998). That confounded p-value. Epidemiology, 9(1), 7–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199801000-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehavot, K., Hoerster, K. D., Nelson, K. M., Jakupcak, M., & Simpson, T. L. (2012). Health indicators for military, veteran, and civilian women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42(5), 473–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehavot, K., & Simpson, T. L. (2014). Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression among sexual minority and heterosexual women veterans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(3), 392–403. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, D. H., Janulis, P., & Mustanski, B. (2019). Predictors of correspondence between self-reported substance use and urinalysis screening among a racially diverse cohort of young men who have sex with men and transgender women. Addictive Behaviors, 88, 6–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lick, D. J., Durso, L. E., & Johnson, K. L. (2013). Minority stress and physical health among sexual minorities. Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 8(5), 521–548. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691613497965
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Logie, C. (2012). The case for the World Health Organization’s commission on the social determinants of health to address sexual orientation. American Journal of Public Health, 102(7), 1243–1246. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mark, K. M., McNamara, K. A., Gribble, R., Rhead, R., Sharp, M.-L., Stevelink, S. A. M., Schwartz, A., Castro, C., & Fear, N. T. (2019). The health and well-being of LGBTQ serving and ex-serving personnel: A narrative review. International Review of Psychiatry, 31(1), 75–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2019.1575190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews, D. D., Blosnich, J. R., Farmer, G. W., & Adams, B. J. (2014). Operational definitions of sexual orientation and estimates of adolescent health risk behaviors. LGBT Health, 1(1), 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2013.0002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara, K. A., Lucas, C. L., Goldbach, J. T., Kintzle, S., & Castro, C. A. (2019). Mental health of the bisexual veteran. Military Psychology, 31(2), 91–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2018.1541393
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meadows, S., Engel, C., Collins, R., Beckman, R., Cefalu, M., Hawes-Dawson, J., Doyle, M., Kress, A., Sontag-Padilla, L., Ramchand, R., & Williams, K. (2018). 2015 Department of Defense Health Related Behaviors Survey (HRBS). RAND Corporation. https://doi.org/10.7249/RR1695
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, R. E., Dragon, C., Daus, G., Holzberg, J., Kaplan, R., Menne, H., Smith, A. S., & Spiegelman, M. (2020). Updates on terminology of sexual orientation and gender identity survey measures (FCSM 20-03, p. 32). Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology.
   Google Scholar
• Moriarty, D. G., Zack, M. M., & Kobau, R. (2003). The centers for disease control and prevention’s healthy days measures – Population tracking of perceived physical and mental health over time. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 1(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-1-37
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2018). CDC HRQOL - 14 “healthy days measure.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/hrqol/hrqol14_measure.htm
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen, E. R., Naranjo, D., & Marshall, G. N. (2017). Recruitment and retention of young adult veteran drinkers using Facebook. PLOS ONE, 12(3), e0172972. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pega, F., & Veale, J. F. (2015). The case for the World Health Organization’s commission on social determinants of health to address gender identity. American Journal of Public Health, 105(3), e58–e62. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pflanz, S., & Sonnek, S. (2002). Work stress in the military: Prevalence, causes, and relationship to emotional health. Military Medicine, 167(11), 877–882. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/167.11.877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plöderl, M., & Tremblay, P. (2015). Mental health of sexual minorities. A systematic review. International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England), 27(5), 367–385. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2015.1083949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole, C. (2001). Low P-values or narrow confidence intervals: Which are more durable? Epidemiology, 12(3), 291–294. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200105000-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulin, C., Gouliquer, L., & McCutcheon, J. (2018). Violating gender norms in the Canadian military: The experiences of gay and lesbian soldiers. Sexuality Research & Social Policy: A Journal of the NSRC, 15(1), 60–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-017-0304-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prochaska, J. J., Sung, H., Max, W., Shi, Y., & Ong, M. (2012). Validity study of the K6 scale as a measure of moderate mental distress based on mental health treatment need and utilization. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 21(2), 88–97. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaeffer, K. (2021). The changing face of America’s veteran population. Pew Rersearch Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/04/05/the-changing-face-of-americas-veteran-population/
   Google Scholar
• Stall, R., Dodge, B., Bauermeister, J., Poteat, T., & Beyrer, C. (2020). LGBTQ health research: Theory, methods, practice. John Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services. (2020). National survey on drug use and health (NSDUH). https://www.samhsa.gov/data/data-we-collect/nsduh-national-survey-drug-use-and-health
   Google Scholar
• Tam, C. C., Zeng, C., & Li, X. (2020). Prescription opioid misuse and its correlates among veterans and military in the United States: A systematic literature review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 216, 108311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, M. M., Harpaz-Rotem, I., Tsai, J., Southwick, S. M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2017). Mental and physical health conditions in US combat veterans: Results from the national health and resilience in veterans study. The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, 19(3). https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.17m02118
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2020). VA health care: Better data needed to assess the health outcomes of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender veterans. GAO. https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-21-69
   Google Scholar
• Widome, R., Jensen, A., Bangerter, A., & Fu, S. S. (2015). Food insecurity among veterans of the US wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Public Health Nutrition, 18(5), 844–849. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898001400072X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar