Production of Ceratonova shasta Myxospores from Salmon Carcasses: Carcass Removal Is Not a Viable Management Option

References

• Alexander, J. A., S. L. Hallett, R. W. Stocking, L. Xue, and J. L. Bartholomew. 2014. Host and parasite populations after a ten year flood: Manayunkia speciosa and Ceratonova (syn Ceratomyxa) shasta in the Klamath River. Northwest Science 88:219–233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson, S. D., and J. L. Bartholomew. 2010. Disparate infection patterns of Ceratomyxa shasta (Myxozoa) in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) correlate with internal transcribed spacer-1 sequence variation in the parasite. Journal of Parasitology 40:599–604.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson, S. D., J. S. Foott, and J. L. Bartholomew. 2014. Erection of Ceratonova n. gen. (Myxosporea: Ceratomyxidae) to encompass histozoic species C. gasterostea N. Sp. from Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and C. shasta n. comb. from salmonid fishes. Journal of Parasitology 100:640–645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartholomew, J. L. 1998. Host resistance to infection by the myxosporean parasite Ceratomyxa shasta: a review. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 10:112–120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartholomew, J. L., C. E. Smith, J. S. Rohovec, and J. L. Fryer. 1989. Characterization of a host response to the myxosporean parasite, Ceratomyxa shasta (Noble), by histology, scanning electron microscopy and immunological techniques. Journal of Fish Disease 12:509–522.
   Google Scholar
• Bartholomew, J. L., M. J. Whipple, D. G. Stevens, and J. L. Fryer. 1997. The life cycle of Ceratomyxa shasta, a myxosporean parasite of salmonids, requires a freshwater polychaete as an alternative host. Journal of Parasitology 83:859–868.
   Google Scholar
• Baumsteiger, J., and J. L. Kerby. 2009. Effectiveness of salmon carcass tissue for use in DNA extraction and amplification in conservation genetic studies. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 29:40–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjork, S. J., and J. L. Bartholomew. 2009. Effects of Ceratomyxa shasta dose on a susceptible strain of Rainbow Trout and comparatively resistant Chinook and Coho salmon. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 86:29–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjork, S. J., and J. L. Bartholomew. 2010. Invasion of Ceratomyxa shasta (Myxozoa) and comparison of migration to the intestine between susceptible and resistant fish host. International Journal of Parasitology 40:1087–1095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foott, J. S., R. Harmon, and R. Stone. 2004. Effect of water temperature on non-specific immune function and ceratomyxosis in juvenile Chinook Salmon and steelhead from the Klamath River. California Fish and Game 90:71–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujiwara, M., M. S. Mohr, A. Greenberg, J. S. Foott, and J. L. Bartholomew. 2011. Effects of ceratomyxosis on population dynamics on Klamath Fall-run Chinook Salmon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 140:1380–1391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallett, S. L., and J. L. Bartholomew. 2006. Application of a real-time PCR assay to detect and quantify the myxozoan parasite Ceratomyxa shasta in water samples. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 71:109–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallett, S. L., R. A. Ray, C. N. Hurst, R. A. Holt, G. R. Buckles, S. D. Atkinson, and J. L. Bartholomew. 2012. Density of the waterborne parasite Ceratomyxa shasta and its biological effects on salmon. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78:3724–3731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendrickson, G. L., A. Carleton, and D. Manzer. 1989. Geographic and seasonal distribution of the infective stage of Ceratomyxa shasta (Myxozoa) in Northern California. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 7:165–169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, G. L., and M. E. Markiw. 1977. Control of whirling disease (Myxosoma cerebralis): use of methylene blue staining as a possible indicator of effect of heat on spores. Journal of Fish Biology 10:181–183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent, M. L., K. Soderlund, E. Thomann, C. B. Streck, and T. J. Sharpton. 2014. Post-mortem sporulation of Ceratomyxa shasta (Myxozoa) after death in adult Chinook Salmon. Journal of Parasitology 100:679–683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meaders, M. D., and G. L. Hendrickson. 2009. Chronological development of Ceratomyxa shasta in the polychaete host, Manayunkia speciosa. Journal of Parasitology 95:1397–1407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols, K., K. True, R. Fogerty, and L. Ratcliff. 2008. FY 2007 Investigational report: Klamath River juvenile salmonid health monitoring, April–August 2007. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, California–Nevada Fish Health Center, Anderson, California.
   Google Scholar
• Noble, E. R. 1950. On a myxosporidian (protozoan) parasite of California trout. Journal of Parasitology 36:457–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray, R. A., P. A. Rossignol, and J. L. Bartholomew. 2010. Mortality threshold for juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in an epidemiological model of Ceratomyxa shasta. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 93:63–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stocking, R. W., R. A. Holt, J. S. Foott, and J. L. Bartholomew. 2006. Spatial and temporal occurrence of the salmonid parasite Ceratomyxa shasta in the Oregon–California Klamath River basin. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 18:194–202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• True, K., A. Bolick, and J. S. Foott. 2012. FY2008 Investigational study: prognosis of Ceratomyxa shasta and Parvicapsula minibicornis infections in Klamath River coho and Trinity River Chinook. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, California–Nevada Fish Health Center, Anderson, California.
   Google Scholar
• Udey, L. R., J. L. Fryer, and K. S. Pilcher. 1975. Relationship of water temperature to ceratomyxosis in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32:1545–1551.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, G. N., S. G. Hinch, L. J. Kuchel, A. Lotto, S. R. M. Jones, D. A. Patterson, J. S. Macdonald, G. V. A. Der Kraak, M. Shrimpton, K. K. English, S. Larsson, S. J. Cooke, M. C. Healey, and A. P. Farrell. 2005. Metabolic rates and swimming performance of adult Fraser River Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) after a controlled infection with Parvicapsula minibiocornis. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62:2124–2133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar