Infected Donor Biomass and Active Feeding Increase Waterborne Transmission of Ichthyophonus sp. to Rainbow Trout Sentinels

References

• Daniel, G. E. 1933. Studies on Ichthyophonus hoferi. A parasitic fungus of the herring, Clupea harengus. I. The parasite as it is found in the herring. American Journal of Hygiene 17:262–276.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, D. H. 1980. Osmotic and ionic regulation by freshwater and marine fishes. Pages 93–122 in M. A. Ali, editor. Environmental physiology of fishes. Plenum Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Fish, F. F. 1934. A fungus disease in fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Parasitology 26:1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Gordis, L. 2000. Epidemiology, 2nd edition. Saunders, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Gregg, J., C. Grady, C. Friedman, and P. Hershberger. 2012. Inability to demonstrate fish-to-fish transmission of Ichthyophonus from laboratory infected Pacific Herring Clupea pallasii to naïve conspecifics. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 99:139–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafson, P. V., and R. R. Rucker. 1956. Studies on an Ichthyosporidium infection in fish: transmission and host specificity. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report Fisheries 166.
   Google Scholar
• Halos, D., A. Hart, H. Hsu, P. Hershberger, R. Kocan. 2005. Ichthyophonus in Puget Sound Rockfish, Sebastes emphaeus, from the San Juan Archipelago and Puget Sound, Washington, USA. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 17:222–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hershberger, P. K. 2012. Ichthyophonus disease (Ichthyophoniasis). In AFS–FHS (American Fisheries Society–Fish Health Section). FHS blue book: suggested procedures for the detection and identification of certain finfish and shellfish pathogens, 2014 edition. AFS–FHS, Bethesda, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Hershberger, P. K., J. L. Gregg, L. M. Hart, S. Moffitt, R. Brenner, K. Stick, E. Coonradt, E. O. Otis, J. J. Vollenwelder, K. A. Garver, J. Lovy, and T. R. Meyers. 2016. The parasite Ichthyophonus sp. in Pacific Herring from the coastal NE Pacific. Journal of Fish Diseases 39:395–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hershberger, P. K., L. M. Hart, A. H. MacKenzie, and M. L. Yanney. 2015. Infecting Pacific Herring with Ichthyophonus sp. in the laboratory. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 27: 217–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hershberger, P. K., K. Stick, B. Bui, C. Carroll B Fall, C. Mork, J. A. Perry, E. Sweeney, J. Wittouck, and R. M. Kocan. 2002. Incidence of Ichthyophonus hoferi in Puget Sound fishes and its increase with age of Pacific Herring. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 14:50−56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horn, M. 1997. Feeding and digestion. Pages 43–64 in D. H. Evans and J. B. Claiborne, editors. The physiology of fishes, 2nd edition. CRC Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, S. R. M., and S. C. Dawe. 2002. Ichthyophonus hoferi Plehn and Muslow in British Columbia stocks of Pacific Herring, Clupea pallasi Valenciennes, and its infectivity to Chinook Salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum). Journal of Fish Diseases 25:415–421.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent, M. L., V. Watral, S. C. Dawe, P. Reno, J. R. Heidel, and S. R. M. Jones. 2001. Ichthyophonus and Mycobacterium-like bacterial infections in commercially-important rockfish, Sebastes spp., in the eastern North Pacific Ocean. Journal of Fish Diseases 24:427–431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kocan, R., J. Gregg and P. Hershberger. 2010. Release of infectious cells from epidermal ulcers in Ichthyophonus sp.-infected Pacific Herring (Clupea pallasii): evidence for multiple mechanisms of transmission. Journal of Parasitology 96:348–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kocan, R., P. Hershberger, T. Mehl, N. Elder, M. Bradley, D. Wildermuth, and K. Stick. 1999. Pathogenicity of Ichthyophonus hoferi for laboratory-reared Pacific Herring Clupea pallasii and its early appearance in wild Puget Sound herring. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 35:23–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kocan, R. and S. LaPatra. 2016. Effect of exposure dose on Ichthyophonus prevalence and infection intensity in experimentally infected Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Journal of Parasitology 102:21–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kocan, R., S. LaPatra and P. Hershberger. 2013. Evidence for an amoeba-like infectious stage of Ichthyophonus sp. and description of a circulating blood stage: a probable mechanism for dispersal within the fish host. Journal of Parasitology 99:235–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marty, G., E. Freiberg, T. Meyers, J. Wilcock, T. Farver, and D. Hinton. 1998. Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, Ichthyophonus hoferi, and other causes of morbidity in Pacific Herring Clupea pallasi in Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 32:15–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marty G. D., T. J. Quinn II, G. Carpenter, T. R. Meyers, and N. H. Willits. 2003. Role of disease in abundance of a Pacific Herring (Clupea pallasi) population. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60:1258–1265.
   Google Scholar
• McVicar, A. H. 2011. Ichthyophonus. Pages 721–747 in P. T. K. Woo and D. W. Bruno, editors. Fish diseases and disorders, volume 3. Viral, bacterial and fungal infections. CABI Publishing, New York.
   Google Scholar
• McVicar A. H., and H. A. McLay. 1985. Tissue response of Plaice, Haddock and Rainbow Trout to the systemic fungus Ichthyophonus. Pages 329–346 in A. E. Ellis, editor. Fish and shellfish pathology. Academic Press, London.
   Google Scholar
• Mendoza, L., J. W. Taylor, and L. Ajello. 2002. The class Mesomycetozoea: a heterogeneous group of microorganisms at the animal-fungal boundary. Annual Review of Microbiology 56:315–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okamoto, N., K. Nakase, and T. Sano. 1987. Relationships between water temperature, fish size, infective dose, and Ichthyophonus infection of Rainbow Trout. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 53:581–584.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahimian, H. 1998. Pathology and morphology of Ichthyophonus hoferi in naturally infected fishes off the Swedish west coast. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 34:109–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahimian, H. and J. Thulin 1996. Epizootiology of Ichthyophonus hoferi in herring populations off the Swedish west coast. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 27:187–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rand T. G., and D. K. Cone. 1990. Effects of Ichthyophonus hoferi on condition indices and blood chemistry of experimentally infected Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 26:323–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sindermann, C. J., and J. F. Chenoweth. 1993. The fungal pathogen Ichthyophonus hoferi in sea herring, Clupea harengus: a perspective from the western North Atlantic. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea C.M. 1993/F:41, Copenhagen.
   Google Scholar
• Sindermann, C. J., and L. W. Scattergood. 1954. Diseases of fishes of the western North Atlantic. II. Ichthyosporidium disease of the sea herring (Clupea harengus). Research Bulletin of the Department of Sea and Shore Fisheries Maine 19:1–40.
   Google Scholar
• Stacey, N. E. and A. S. Hourston. 1982. Spawning and feeding behavior of captive Pacific Herring, Clupea harengus pallasi. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 39:489–498.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Duijn, C. 1956. Diseases of fishes. Iliffe Books, London.
   Google Scholar
• von Hofer, B. 1893. Eine salmonidenerkrankung. [A salmonid disease.] Allgemeine Fishereizeitung 18:168–171.
   Google Scholar
• Yakota, M., S. Watanabe, K. Hatai, O. Kurata, M. Furihata, and T. Usui. 2008. Transmission of the parasite Ichthyophonus hoferi in cultured Rainbow Trout and comparison of epidemic models. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 20:207–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar