Publication Cover
Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings
The peer-reviewed journal of Baylor Scott & White Health
Volume 18, 2005 - Issue 3
884
Views
27
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Anthrax: A Continuing Concern in the Era of Bioterrorism

, MD, PhD
Pages 234-243 | Published online: 11 Dec 2017

  • Riedel S. Biological warfare and bioterrorism: a historical review. BUMC Proceedings 2004;17: 400–406.
  • Eitzen EM Jr, Takafuji ET. Historical overview of biological warfare. In Sidell FR, Takafuji ET, Franz DR, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 1997: 415–423. Available at http://www.bordeninstitute.army.mil/cwbw/default_index.htm; accessed May 11, 2005.
  • Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, Bartlett JG, Ascher MS, Eitzen E, Friedlander AM, Hauer J, McDade J, Osterholm MT, O'Toole T, Parker G, Perl TM, Russell PK, Tonat K. Anthrax as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA 1999;281: 1735–1745.
  • McSherry J, Kilpatrick R. The plague of Athens. J R Soc Med 1992;85: 713.
  • Virgil. The Georgics. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1956.
  • Dirckx JH. Virgil on anthrax. Am J Dermatopathol 1981;3: 191–195.
  • Brachman PS. Inhalation anthrax. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1980;353: 83–93.
  • Carter KC. The Koch-Pasteur dispute on establishing the cause of anthrax. Bull Hist Med 1988;62: 42–57.
  • Sternbach G. The history of anthrax. J Emerg Med 2003;24: 463–467.
  • Jernigan JA, Stephens DS, Ashford DA, Omenaca C, Topiel MS, Galbraith M, Tapper M, Fisk TL, Zaki S, Popovic T, Meyer RF, Quinn CP, Harper SA, Fridkin SK, Sejvar JJ, Shepard CW, McConnell M, Guarner J, Shieh WJ, Malecki JM, Gerberding JL, Hughes JM, Perkins BA; Anthrax Bioterrorism Investigation Team. Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: the first 10 cases reported in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7: 933–944.
  • Dixon TC, Meselson M, Guillemin J, Hanna P. Anthrax. N Engl J Med 1999;341: 815–826.
  • Brachman PS. Bioterrorism: an update with a focus on anthrax. Am J Epidemiol 2002;155: 981–987.
  • Morris K. US military face punishment for refusing anthrax vaccine. Lancet 1999;353: 130.
  • Charatan F. Fears over anthrax vaccination driving away US reservists. BMJ 2000;321: 980.
  • Kohout E, Sehat A, Ashraf M. Anthrax: a continuous problem in southwest Iran. Am J Med Sci 1964;247: 565–575.
  • Brachman PS, Friedlander A. Anthrax. In Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, eds. Vaccines, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1999: 629–637.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Summary of notifiable diseases, 1945–1994. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1994;43: 70–78.
  • Tekin A, Bulut N, Unal T. Acute abdomen due to anthrax. Br J Surg 1997;84: 813.
  • Friedlander AM. Anthrax. In Sidell FR, Takafuji ET, Franz DR, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 1997: 467–478. Available at http://www.bordeninstitute.army.mil/cwbw/default_index.htm; accessed April 23, 2005.
  • Sirisanthana T, Nelson KE, Ezzell JW, Abshire TG. Serological studies of patients with cutaneous and oral-oropharyngeal anthrax from northern Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988;39: 575–581.
  • Dutz W, Saidi F, Kohout E. Gastric anthrax with massive ascites. Gut 1970;11: 352–354.
  • Kunanusont C, Limpakarnjanarat K, Foy HM. Outbreak of anthrax in Thailand. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1989;84: 507–512.
  • Sirisanthana T, Navachareon N, Tharavichitkul P, Sirisanthana V, Brown AE. Outbreak of oral-oropharyngeal anthrax: an unusual manifestation of human infection with Bacillus anthracis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1984;33: 144–150.
  • Hugh-Jones M. Wickham Steed and German biological warfare research. Intelligence and National Security 1992;7: 379–402.
  • Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. The Problem of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Volume 1: The Rise of CB Weapons. New York: Humanities Press, 1971.
  • Christopher GW, Cieslak TJ, Pavlin JA, Eitzen EM Jr. Biological warfare—a historical perspective. JAMA 1997;278: 412–417.
  • Carter GB. Chemical and Biological Defence at Porton Down: 1916–2000. London: HMSO, 2000.
  • Carter GB. Biological warfare and biological defence in the United Kingdom: 1940–1979. Journal of the Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies 1992;137: 67–74.
  • Manchee RJ, Stewart R. The decontamination of Gruinard Island. Chem Br 1988;4: 690–691.
  • WHO Group of Consultants. Health Aspects of Chemical and Biological Weapons. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1970.
  • Office of Technology Assessment, US Congress. Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (Pub. No. OTA-ISC-559). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1993: 53–55.
  • Kaufmann AF, Meltzer MI, Schmid GP. The economic impact of a bioterrorist attack: are prevention and postattack intervention programs justifiable? Emerg Infect Dis 1997;3: 83–94.
  • Suffin SC, Carnes WH, Kaufmann AF. Inhalational anthrax in a home craftsman. Hum Pathol 1978;9: 594–597.
  • US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases. Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook, 4th ed. Frederick, MD: Fort Detrick, 2001.
  • Miller J, Engelberg S, Broad W. Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001: 76–80, 93–94, 134–135, 143–144, 175, 178, 221.
  • Meselson M, Guillemin J, Hugh-Jones M, Langmuir A, Popova I, Shelokov A, Yampolskaya O. The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979. Science 1994;266: 1202–1208.
  • Abramova FA, Grinberg LM, Yampolskaya OV, Walker DH. Pathology of inhalational anthrax in 42 cases from the Sverdlovsk outbreak of 1979. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993;90: 2291–2294.
  • Alibek K. Biohazard. New York: Random House, 2000: 70–86.
  • Caudle LC III. The biological warfare threat. In Sidell FR, Takafuji ET, Franz DR, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 1997: 451–466. Available at http://www.bordeninstitute.army.mil/cwbw/default_index.htm; accessed May 11, 2005.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Notice to readers: ongoing investigation of anthrax—Florida, October 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2001;50: 877.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and interim guidelines for exposure management and antimicrobial therapy, October 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2001;50: 909–919.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and interim guidelines for clinical evaluation of persons with possible anthrax. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2001;50: 941–948.
  • Logan NA, Turnbull PCB. Bacillus and other aerobic endospore-forming bacteria. In Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Yolken RH, eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 8th ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2003:32: 445–460.
  • Turnbull PCB. Definitive identification of Bacillus anthracis—a review. J Appl Microbiol 1999;87: 237–240.
  • Baillie L, Read TD. Bacillus anthracis, a bug with attitude! Curr Opin Microbiol 2001;4: 78–81.
  • Carman JA, Hamblelon P, Melling J. Bacillus anthracis, in isolation and identification of micro-organisms of medical and veterinary importance. In Collins CH, Grange GM, eds. Society of Applied Bacteriology Technical Series 21. London: Academic Press, 1985: 207–214.
  • Spencer RC. Bacillus anthracis. J Clin Pathol 2003;56: 182–187.
  • Keim P, Price LB, Klevytska AM, Smith KL, Schupp JM, Okinaka R, Jackson PJ, Hugh-Jones ME. Multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis reveals genetic relationships within Bacillus anthracis. J Bacteriol 2000;182: 2928–2936.
  • Jackson PJ, Hugh-Jones ME, Adair DM, Green G, Hill KK, Kuske CR, Grinberg LM, Abramova FA, Keim P. PCR analysis of tissue samples from the 1979 Sverdlovsk anthrax victims: the presence of multiple Bacillus anthracis strains in different victims. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95: 1224–1229.
  • Titball RW, Turnbull PC, Hutson RA. The monitoring and detection of Bacillus anthracis in the environment. Soc Appl Bacteriol Symp Ser 1991;20: 9S–18S.
  • Uchida I, Sekizaki T, Hashimoto K, Terakado N. Association of the encapsulation of Bacillus anthracis with a 60 megadalton plasmid. J Gen Microbiol 1985;131: 363–367.
  • Leppla SH. Anthrax toxin edema factor: a bacterial adenylate cyclase that increases cyclic AMP concentrations of eukaryotic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982;79: 3162–3166.
  • Leppla SH. Bacillus anthracis calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase: chemical and enzymatic properties and interactions with eukaryotic cells. Adv Cyclic Nucleotide Protein Phosphorylation Res 1984;17: 189–198.
  • O'Brien J, Friedlander A, Dreier T, Ezzell J, Leppla S. Effects of anthrax toxin components on human neutrophils. Infect Immun 1985;47: 306–310.
  • Leppla SH, Ivins BE, Ezzell JW Jr. Anthrax toxin. In Lieve L, ed. Microbiology 1985. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1985: 666.
  • Mogridge J, Cunningham K, Borden Lacy D, Mourez M, Collier RJ. The lethal and edema factors of anthrax toxin bind only to oligomeric forms of the protective antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002;99: 7045–7048.
  • Friedlander AM, Welkos SL, Pitt ML, Ezzell JW, Worsham PL, Rose KJ, Ivins BE, Lowe JR, Howe GB, Mikesell P, et al. Postexposure prophylaxis against experimental inhalation anthrax. J Infect Dis 1993;167: 1239–1243.
  • Abdenour D, Larouze B, Dalichaouche M, Aouati M. Familial occurrence of anthrax in Eastern Algeria. J Infect Dis 1987;155: 1083–1084.
  • Turner M. Anthrax in humans in Zimbabwe. Cent Afr J Med 1980;26: 160–161.
  • Lew D. Bacillus anthracis (anthrax). In Mandell GL, Bennett JE, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 4th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1995.
  • Vessal K, Yeganehdoust J, Dutz W, Kohout E. Radiologic changes in inhalation anthrax. A report of radiological and pathological correlation in two cases. Clin Radiol 1975;26: 471–474.
  • Albrink WS, Brooks SM, Biron RE, Kopel M. Human inhalation anthrax: a report of three fatal cases. Am J Pathol 1960;36: 457–471.
  • Plotkin SA, Brachman PS, Utell M, Bumford FH, Atchison MM. An epidemic of inhalation anthrax, the first in the twentieth century. I. Clinical features. Am J Med 1960;29: 992–1001.
  • Anthrax vaccine, military use in the Persian Gulf region [press release]. Washington, DC: US Department of Defense, September 8, 1998.
  • Turnbull PC. Anthrax vaccines: past, present, and future. Vaccine 1991;9: 533–539.
  • Baillie L. The development of new vaccines against Bacillus anthracis. J Appl Microbiol 2001;91: 609–613.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.