- Gray H. Anatomy of the Human Body. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1918: 579–581.
- Daseler EH, Anson BJ. Surgical anatomy of the subclavian artery and its branches. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1959;108 (2): 149–174.
- Henriquez-Pino JA, Gomes WJ, Prates JC, Buffolo E. Surgical anatomy of the internal thoracic artery. Ann Thorac Surg 1997;64 (4): 1041–1045.
- Lischka MF, Krammer EB, Rath T, Riedl M, Ellböck E. The human thyrocervical trunk: configuration and variability reinvestigated. Anat Embryol (Berl) 1982;163 (4): 389–401.
- Zitoun O, La Hei E, Goldstein J. Left internal mammary artery originating from the third intercostal artery. Asia Pacific Heart J 1998;7 (3): 223–224.
- Chavez J, Osborn LA. Anomalous origin of left internal mammary artery from the lateral junction of the left subclavian artery and aorta. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1996;37 (2): 168–169.
- Nizanowski C, Noczyński L, Suder E. Variability of the origin of ramifications of the subclavian artery in humans (studies on the Polish population). Folia Morphol (Warsz) 1982;41 (3): 281–294.
- Jiang S, Sun XW, Jie B, Yu D. Common trunk of left internal thoracic artery and thyrocervical trunk arising from the ipsilateral vertebral artery. Surg Radiol Anat 2012 Dec 18 [Epub ahead of print].
- Tartini R, Steinbrunn W, Kappenberger L, Goebel N, Turina M. Anomalous origin of the left thyrocervical trunk as a cause of residual pain after myocardial revascularization with internal mammary artery. Ann Thorac Surg 1985;40 (3): 302–304.
- Paraskevas G, Natsis K, Tzika M, Ioannidis O, Kitsoulis P. Abnormal origin of internal thoracic artery from the thyrocervical trunk: surgical considerations. J Cardiothorac Surg 2012;7: 63.
- Marshall WG Jr, Miller EC, Kouchoukos NT. The coronary-subclavian steal syndrome: report of a case and recommendations for prevention and management. Ann Thorac Surg 1988;46 (1): 93–96.
- Osborn LA, Vernon SM, Reynolds B, Timm TC, Allen K. Screening for subclavian artery stenosis in patients who are candidates for coronary bypass surgery. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2002;56 (2): 162–165.
- Dlingea M, Barrett AW, Anderson D. Bilateral internal mammary artery atherosclerosis: a late complication of delayed repair of coarctation of the aorta. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1997;11 (4): 788–789.
- Rózanski J, Juraszyński Z, Kuśmierczyk M, Sitko T. Repair of coarctation of the aorta with simultaneous coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1999;15 (4): 536–538.
- Shimizu T, Hirayama T, Ikeda K, Ito S, Ishimaru S. Coronary revascularization with arterial conduits collateral to the lower limb. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;67 (6): 1783–1785.
- Feit A, Reddy CV, Cowley C, Ibrahim B, Zisbrod Z. Internal mammary artery angiography should be a routine component of diagnostic coronary angiography. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1992;25 (2): 85–90.
- Bauer EP, Bino MC, von Segesser LK, Laske A, Turina MI. Internal mammary artery anomalies. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990;38 (5): 312–315.
Free access
Abnormal Origin of the Left Internal Thoracic Artery Detected Only by Computed Tomography
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.