- Wynn R. Saints and sinners: women and the practice of medicine throughout the ages. JAMA. 2000;283(5):668–669.
- Nimura JP. The Doctors Blackwell. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company; 2021.
- Flint A. Female physicians. Buffalo Med J. 1848;8:494–496.
- Association of American Medical Colleges. U.S. medical school applicants, matriculants and graduates by gender, academic year 2018–2019. December 9, 2019. https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/press-releases/majority-us-medical-students-are-women-new-data-show.
- Olson SF. Women in neurology. Neurology. 2005;65(3):344–348. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000174660.25666.74.
- Association of American Medical Colleges. Percentage of women residents by specialty, 2018. https://www.aamc.org/data-reports/data/2018-2019-state-women-academic-medicine-exploring-pathways-equity. Accessed May 13, 2022.
- Association of American Medical Colleges. Active physicians by sex and specialty, 2019. https://www.aamc.org/data-reports/workforce/interactive-data/active-physicians-sex-and-specialty-2019. Accessed May 13, 2022.
- Boes CJ, Burkholder DB, Coon EA, Cutsforth-Gregory JK, Klaas JP, Jones LK Jr. Reciprocal development and progressive responsibility: the history of the Mayo Clinic neurology residency. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2020;4(5):478–498. doi:10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2020.06.006.
- Grace Elizabeth (Betty) Clements folder. MHU-0510: Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education. Resident files. Rochester, MN: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, Mayo Clinic.
- William P. Finney, Jr. folder. MHU-0675: People Files Collection. Rochester, MN: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, Mayo Clinic.
- Minutes, September 7, 1920. MHU-0620: William James Mayo Papers. Mayo Foundation Correspondence & Medical Graduate Committee Minutes. File F001. Medical Graduate Committee, Mayo Foundation Section, Minutes-1920-1923. Rochester, MN: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, Mayo Clinic.
- Minutes, April 19, 1921. MHU-0620: William James Mayo Papers. Mayo Foundation Correspondence & Medical Graduate Committee Minutes. File F001. Medical Graduate Committee, Mayo Foundation Section, Minutes-1920-1923. Rochester, MN: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, Mayo Clinic.
- Minutes, July 12, 1921. MHU-0620: William James Mayo Papers. Mayo Foundation Correspondence & Medical Graduate Committee Minutes. File F001. Medical Graduate Committee, Mayo Foundation Section, Minutes-1920-1923. Rochester, MN: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, Mayo Clinic.
- Moersch FP. Evolution of the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry of the Mayo Clinic 1926-1956 (unedited copy). 1967. MHU-9991: Miscellaneous committees collection. Box B015 NW. Rochester, MN: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, Mayo Clinic.
- Minutes, September 15, 1965. MHU-0002: Board of Governors Records. 1921-present. Rochester, MN: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, Mayo Clinic.
- Minutes, February 5, 1969. MHU-0002: Board of Governors Records. 1921-present. Rochester, MN: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, Mayo Clinic.
- Chesak SS, Yngve KC, Taylor JM, Voth ER, Bhagra A. Challenges and solutions for physician mothers: a critical review of the literature. Mayo Clin Proc. 2021;96(6):1578–1591. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.10.008.
- Sandiford I, Wheeler T. The basal metabolism before, during, and after pregnancy. J Biol Chem. 1924;62(2):329–352. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)85067-0.
- Wheeler T. Study of a human spina bifida monster with encephaloceles and other abnormalities. Anat Record. 1916-17;11:431–433.
- Wheeler T. Graphic charting method for use in recording seizures of patients with epilepsy. Arch NeurPsych. 1936;35(4):776–781. doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1936.02260040084005.
- Hirshbein LD. History of women in psychiatry. Acad Psychiatry. 2004;28(4):337–343. doi:10.1176/appi.ap.28.4.337.
- Mary E. Marshall folder. MHU-0510: Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education. Resident files. Rochester, MN: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, Mayo Clinic.
- 1940 US Federal Census. https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/2442/. Accessed October 4, 2021.
- Allan A. Bailey folder. MHU-0675: People Files Collection. Rochester, MN: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, Mayo Clinic.
- Eleanor Botha folder. MHU-0510: Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education. Resident files. Rochester, MN: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, Mayo Clinic.
- Mary E. Giffin folder. MHU-0675: People Files Collection. Rochester, MN: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, Mayo Clinic.
- Mary E. Giffin folder. MHU-0510: Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education. Resident files. Rochester, MN: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, Mayo Clinic.
- Hermance de Ramaix folder. MHU-0510: Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education. Resident files. Rochester, MN: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, Mayo Clinic.
- Legait Etienne. Professor of Medicine at Nancy. http://www.professeurs-medecine-nancy.fr/Legait_E.htm. Accessed October 4, 2021.
- Green JR. Betty G.E. Clements, M.D. 1918-1965. Ariz Med. 1965;22(9):723–724.
- Burbach K. UNMC honors Congressional Medal recipient, alumna. University of Nebraska Medical Center website, June 1, 2017. https://www.unmc.edu/news.cfm?match=20450.
- Nebraska Aviation Hall of Fame. Nebraska Department of Transportation website. https://dot.nebraska.gov/aeronautics/hall-of-fame/. Accessed October 4, 2021.
- Scanlon PD. Rochester Stories: A Med City History. Charleston, SC: The History Press; 2021.
- Wright-Peterson VM. Women of Mayo Clinic: The Founding Generation. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press; 2016.
- Sixteen consultants named to Mayo staff. Mayovox 1972; 23:3. Rochester, MN: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, Mayo Clinic.
- Frisca Yan-Go folder. MHU-0675: People Files Collection. Rochester, MN: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, Mayo Clinic.
- Annual neurology report. 1972. MHU-0002. Board of Governors Records. Subgroup SG02. Annual Reports. Series S02. Medical Specialties. Subseries SS04. Department of Neurology [non-surgical]. 1919-1985 (Sections of Neurology; Department of Neurology). Rochester, MN: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, Mayo Clinic.
- Tweet by UCLA Neurology @UCLANeurology, 3/19/2021, 1:42 PM. Twitter. Accessed October 5, 2021.
- Frisca L. Yan-Go, MD Lectureship in Sleep Medicine. UCLA Health website. https://www.uclahealth.org/sleepcenter/ucla-frisca-l-yan-go-endowed-lectureship. Accessed October 5, 2021.
- Barbara Westmoreland folder. MHU-0675: People Files Collection. Rochester, MN: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, Mayo Clinic.
- Staff appointments. Mayovox 1973 April:6. Rochester, MN: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, Mayo Clinic.
- Annual neurology report. 1974. MHU-0002. Board of Governors Records. Subgroup SG02. Annual Reports. Series S02. Medical Specialties. Subseries SS04. Department of Neurology [non-surgical]. 1919-1985 (Sections of Neurology; Department of Neurology). Rochester, MN: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, Mayo Clinic.
- Annual neurology report. 1978. MHU-0002. Board of Governors Records. Subgroup SG02. Annual Reports. Series S02. Medical Specialties. Subseries SS04. Department of Neurology [non-surgical]. 1919-1985 (Sections of Neurology; Department of Neurology). Rochester, MN: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, Mayo Clinic.
- Mayo Clinic Department of Neurology Residents & Fellows. History of the Mayo Clinic Neurology Residency folder. Rochester, MN: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, Mayo Clinic.
- McDermott M, Gelb DJ, Wilson K, et al. Sex differences in academic rank and publication rate at top-ranked US neurology programs. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(8):956–961. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.0275.
- Roberts LW. Women and academic medicine, 2020. Acad Med. 2020;95(10):1459–1464. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000003617.
Women in the Mayo Clinic Department of Neurology in its early years
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1206-0222
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.