- Koh HK, Geller AC, VanderWeele TJ. Deaths from COVID-19. JAMA. 2021;325(2):133–134.
- Liu J, Tao L, Liu X, et al. GI symptoms and fever increase the risk of severe illness and death in patients with COVID-19. Gut. 2021;70(2):442–444.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. Data are from the final Multiple Cause of Death Files, 2018-2021, and from provisional data for years 2022-2023, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10-provisional.html. Accessed June 23, 2023.
- Dadras O, SeyedAlinaghi S, Karimi A, et al. COVID-19 mortality and its predictors in the elderly: a systematic review. Health Sci Rep. 2022;5(3):e657. doi:10.1002/hsr2.657.
- Jaul E, Barron J. Age-related diseases and clinical and public health implications for the 85 years old and over population. Front Public Health. 2017;5:335. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00335.
- Mueller AL, McNamara MS, Sinclair DA. Why does COVID-19 disproportionately affect older people? Aging (Albany NY). 2020;12(10):9959–9981. doi:10.18632/aging.103344.
- Bandaranayake T, Shaw AC. Host resistance and immune aging. Clin Geriatr Med. 2016;32(3):415–432. doi:10.1016/j.cger.2016.02.007.
- Vidal-Perez R, Brandão M, Pazdernik M, et al. Cardiovascular disease and COVID-19, a deadly combination: a review about direct and indirect impact of a pandemic. World J Clin Cases. 2022;10(27):9556–9572. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v10.i27.9556.
- Lundberg DJ, Wrigley-Field E, Cho A, et al. COVID-19 mortality by race and ethnicity in US metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas, March 2020 to February 2022. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(5):e2311098-e2311098. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.11098.
- Vilar-Compte M, Gaitán-Rossi P, Félix-Beltrán L, Bustamante AV. Pre-COVID-19 social determinants of health among Mexican migrants in Los Angeles and New York City and their increased vulnerability to unfavorable health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Immigr Minor Health. 2022;24(1):65–77. doi:10.1007/s10903-021-01283-8.
- Ormiston CK, Chiangong J, Williams F. The COVID-19 pandemic and Hispanic/Latina/o immigrant mental health: why more needs to be done. Health Equity. 2023;7(1):3–8. doi:10.1089/heq.2022.0041.
- Solis J, Franco-Paredes C, Henao-Martínez AF, Krsak M, Zimmer SM. Structural vulnerability in the U.S. revealed in three waves of COVID-19. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;103(1):25–27. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.20-0391.
- Artiga S, Rae M. Health and Financial Risks for Noncitizen Immigrants Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. San Francisco, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation; 2020.
- Alemán JO, Almandoz JP, Frias JP, Galindo RJ. Obesity among Latinx people in the United States: a review. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2023;31(2):329–337. doi:10.1002/oby.23638.
- Mangrio E, Zdravkovic S. Crowded living and its association with mental ill-health among recently-arrived migrants in Sweden: a quantitative study. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11(1):609. doi:10.1186/s13104-018-3718-6.
- Ortega P, Martínez G, Diamond L. Language and health equity during COVID-19: lessons and opportunities. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2020;31(4):1530–1535. doi:10.1353/hpu.2020.0114.
- Đoàn LN, Chong SK, Misra S, Kwon SC, Yi SS. Immigrant communities and COVID-19: strengthening the public health response. Am J Public Health. 2021;111(S3):S224–S231. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2021.306433.
Racial disparities in COVID-19 and gastrointestinal diseases–related mortality: analysis from CDC-WONDER databases, 2020–2022
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.