- Jones J. Researches upon ‘Spurious Vaccination:’ or the Abnormal Phenomena Accompanying and Following Vaccination in the Confederate Army, During the Recent American Civil War, 1861–1865. Nashville, TN: University Medical Press; 1867.
- Hicks R. Scavrous matters: spurious vaccination in the Confederacy. In: Cashin JE, War Matters: Material Culture in the Civil War Era. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press; 2018:123–150.
- Brock CWP. How the Confederate army was vaccinated. Am J Public Health. 1912;2(1):23–23. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2.1.23.
- Devine S. Learning from the Wounded: The Civil War and the Rise of American Medical Science. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press; 2017.
- Allen A. Vaccine: The Controversial Story of Medicine’s Greatest Lifesaver. New York, NY: Norton; 2007.
- Humphreys M. Marrow of Tragedy: The Health Crisis of the American Civil War. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2017.
- Wright A. Lowest rates, highest hurdles: Southern states tackle vaccine gap. Pew, 2021. https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2021/06/17/lowest-rates-highest-hurdles-southern-states-tackle-vaccine-gap.
- Downs J. Sick from Freedom: African American Illness and Suffering During the Civil War and Reconstruction. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2012.
- Sartin JS. Infectious diseases during the Civil War: the triumph of the third army. Clin Infect Dis. 1993;16(4):580–584. doi:10.1093/clind/16.4.580.
- Adams GW. Confederate medicine. J South Hist. 1940;6(2):151–166. doi:10.2307/2191203.
- Medical. Camden Gazette, January 16, 1817.
- A caution-erysipelas. Abingdon Virginian, February 13, 1863.
- Small Pox. Southern Cultivator, 1862:20–22.
- Vaccination. Yorkville Enquirer, December 3, 1862.
- The small pox. The Camden Confederate, February 13, 1863.
- The small pox law. The Western Democrat, February 17, 1863.
- C. M. D. Vaccination. Memphis Daily Appeal, February 18, 1863.
- A Letter from Savannah. The Alexandria Gazette and Virginia Advertiser, February 16, 1865:155–160.
- Barbarism Y. The Daily Dispatch, November 28, 1864.
- Tanner TH. The Practice of Medicine. 6th ed. London: Henry Renshaw; 1869.
- Habersham SE. Report on spurious vaccination in the Confederate army. Med Surg J. 1866;21:1–11.
- Kratz O. On vaccination and variolous diseases. Confed State Med Surg J. 1864;1(7):104.
- Smart C. The Medical and Surgical History of the War of Rebellion, Part III. Vol. I. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office; 1888:637–638.
- Reviews and Book Notice. Transactions of the Twenty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association. NC Med J. 1887;1–2:187–194.
- Breeden JO. Joseph Jones and Confederate medical history. Georgia Hist Q. 1970;54:357–380.
- Wirz H. Trial of Henry Wirz. Letter of the Secretary of War. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office: 1868.
- Breedon JO. Andersonville—A Southern surgeon’s story. Bull Hist Med. 1973;47:317–343.
- Breedon JO. Joseph Jones and public health in the new South. Louisiana Hist. 1991;32:341–370.
- Jones JB. A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary at the Confederate States Capital. Vol. 1. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott & Co; 1866.
- Proceedings of the Convention and Adoption of the Construction of the United Confederate Veterans. Surgeon General’s Report. New Orleans: Hopkins’ Printing Office; 1819:75–79.
- Tebault CH. In: West AI, ed. Christopher H. Tebault: Surgeon to the Confederacy. Jefferson, NC: McFarland; 2020.
Free access
History, politics, and variolation vaccination hesitancy in the American South during the American Civil War
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6957-4308
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.