References
- Abdi, H., Tessema, Z., Mengistu, U. & Sisay, F. (2015). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer application on the nutritive value of Cenchrus ciliaris and Panicum maximum grown under irrigation at Gode, Somali Region. Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 26, 89–93.
- Ahnert, V. S. (2015). Response of urinary purine derivatives excretion to nutritional factors affecting ruminal microbial protein synthesis in cattle. Doctoral Dissertation, Christian-Albrechts Universität Kiel.
- Allen, S. E., Grimshaw, H. M., Parkinson, J. A. & Christopher, Q. C. (1974). Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials. (Osney, Oxford and London: Blackwell Scientific Publications). https://www.abebooks.co.uk/book.
- AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis, Volume 1, 15th Edition (Arlington, VA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists).
- AOAC. (2000). Official Methods of Analysis, 17th Edition (Gaithersburg, MD: Association of Official Analytical Chemists International).
- Ball, D. M., Collins, M., Lacefield, G. D., Martin, N. P., Mertens, D. A., Olson, K. E., Putnam, D. H., Undersander, D. J. & Wolf, M. W. (2001). Understanding forage quality. American Farm Bureau Federation Publication, 1(1-20).
- Barbosa, M. A. A. F., Damasceno, J. C., Cecato, U. & Sakaguti, E. S. (1996). Study of tillering in four cultivars of Panicum maximum Jacq. Submitted to two Cutting Heights. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Brazilian Society of Animal Science, Fortaleza, 33:109–111.
- Brown, D., N’gambi, J. W. & Norris, D. (2016). Feed potential of Acacia Karroo leaf meal for communal goat production in Southern Africa: a review. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 26(4), 1178–1186.
- Burns, J. C. & Sollenberger, L. E. (2002). Grazing behaviour of ruminants and daily performance from warm-season grasses. Crop Science, 42(3), 873–881.
- Buthelezi, L. S., Mupangwa, J., Muchenje, V. & Nherera-Chokuda, F. V. (2019). Influence of drying technique on chemical composition and ruminal degradability of subtropical Cajanus cajan L. Animal Nutrition, 5(1), 95–100. doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2018.03.001
- Buthelezi, L. S., Mupangwa, J. & Washaya, S. (2022). Fodder production and chemical composition of pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan [Millspaugh] varieties grown in the subtropical region of South Africa. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 25, 74.
- Cradduck, W. C. (2005). Forage potential of selected grasses in the southern high plains. Doctoral dissertation, Texas Tech University, Texas, United States of America.
- Crichton, R., Crichton, R. R. & Boelaert, J. R. (2001). Inorganic Biochemistry of Iron Metabolism: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Consequences. (Belgium: John Wiley & Sons).
- Dias, M. B. C., Costa, K. A. P., Severiano, E. C., Oliveir, U. B., Furtini, N. E., Almeida, D. P., Brand, S. C. M. & Lourival, V. (2020). Brachiaria and Panicum maximum in an integrated crop-livestock system and a second-crop maize system in succession with soybean. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 158, 206–217. doi:10.1017/S0021859620000532
- Dias, M. B. C., Costa, K. A. P., Severiano, E. C., Oliveira, U. B., Lourival, V., Souza, W. F., Oliveira, I. P. & Silva, A. C. G. (2022). Cattle performance with Brachiaria and Panicum maximum forages in an integrated crop-livestock system. African Journal of Range & Forage Science, 39(2), 230–243. doi:10.2989/10220119.2021.1901311
- Epifanio, P. S., Costa, K. P., Severiano, E. C., Souza, W. F., Teixeira, D. A. A., Silva, J. T. & Aquino, M. M. (2019). Productive and nutritional characteristics of Brachiaria brizantha cultivars intercropped with Stylosanthes cv. Campo Grande in different forage systems. Crop and Pasture Science, 70, 718–729. doi:10.1071/CP18447
- Facuri, L. M. A. M., Silva, R. R., da Silva, F. F., de Carvalho, G. G. P., Sampaio, C. B., Mendes, F. B. L., Lisboa, M. M., Barroso, D. S., Carvalho, V. M. & Pereira, M. M. S. (2014). Ingestive behaviour of heifers supplemented with glycerin in substitution of corn on Brachiaria brizantha pasture. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 27(11), 1584–1592.
- Fulkerson, W. J., Neal, J. S., Clark, C. F., Horadagoda, A., Nandra, K. S. & Barchia, I. (2007). Nutritive value of forage species grown in the warm temperate climate of Australia for dairy cows: Grasses and legumes. Livestock Science, 107(3), 253–264.
- Garcia, A., Thiex, N., Kalscheur, K. & Tjardes, K. (2003). Interpreting Hay and Haulage Analysis: Dairy Science (USDA: South Dakota State University).
- Gómez, N., Banks, S. W., Nowakowski, D. J., Rosas, J. G., Cara, J., Sánchez, M. E. & Bridgwater, A. V. (2018). Effect of temperature on product performance of a high ash biomass during fast pyrolysis and its bio-oil storage evaluation. Fuel Processing Technology, 172, 97–105.
- Gorlitsky, L. E., Sadeghpour, A., Hashemi, M., Etemadi, F. & Herbert, S. J. (2015). Biomass vs. quality tradeoffs for switchgrass in response to fall harvesting period. Industrial Crops and Products, 63, 311–315.
- Guyader, J., Janzen, H. H., Kroebel, R. & Beauchemin, K. A. (2016). Forage use to improve the environmental sustainability of ruminant production. Journal of Animal Science, 94(8), 3147–3158.
- Kubkomawa, H., Olawuye, H. U., Krumah, L. J., Etuk, E. B. & Okoli, I. C. (2015). Nutrient requirements and feed resource availability for pastoral cattle in the tropical Africa: A review. Journal of Agricultural and Crop Research, 3(7), 100–116.
- Lowe, K. F., Hume, D. E. & Fulkerson, W. J. (2011). Perennial forage and pasture crops – Species and varieties. Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, 2, 576–585.
- Mandiringana, O. T., Mnkeni, P. N. S., Mkile, Z., Van Averbeke, W., Van Ranst, E. & Verplancke, H. (2005). Mineralogy and fertility status of selected soils of the Eastern Cape province, South Africa. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 36(17-18), 2431–2446.
- McDonald, P., Greenhalgh, J. F. D., Morgan, C. A., Edwards, R., Sinclair, L. & Wilkinson, R. (2011). Animal Nutrition. 7th edition (Harlow, Essex: Benjamin Cummings).
- Minson, D. J. (1990). Forage in Ruminant Nutrition (San Diego, CA: Academic Press Inc.
- Mokgakane, T. J., Mlambo, V., Ravhuhali, K. E. & Magoro, N. (2021). Contribution of soil type to quantity and nutritional value of grass species on the South African Highveld. Resources, 10, 106. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources10100106
- Mthi, S., Rust, J. M., Washaya, S., Washaya, D. D., Morgenthal, T. L. & Sondzaba, B. (2021). Seasonal variation in nutritive value of four browse species used by smallholder farmers for livestock in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Applied Animal Husbandry & Rural Development, 14, 40–49.
- Mucina, L. & Rutherford, M. C. (2011). The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland (Pretoria: SANBI), pp. 513
- Musimba, N. K., Nguku, S. A., Njarui, D. N. & Mwobobia, R. M. (2016). The chemical composition and nutritive value of Brachiaria grass cultivars at Katumani dryland research station in South Eastern Kenya.
- Mussa, M., Hashim, H. & Teha, M. (2016). Rangeland degradation: Extent, impacts, and alternative restoration techniques in the rangelands of Ethiopia. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 19, 305–318.
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). (2016). Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle (Eighth Revised Edition) (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press).
- National Research Council. (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 7th Revised Edition (Washington, DC: National Academy Press).
- National Research Council (NRC). (2007). Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and new World Camelids (Washington, DC: National Research Council of the National Academies).
- Panieri, E. & Santoro, M. M. (2015). ROS signalling and redox biology in endothelial cells. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 72(17), 3281–3303.
- Pieterse, P. A., Rethman, N. F. G. & Van Bosch, J. (1997). Production, water use efficiency and quality of four cultivars of Panicum maximum at different levels of nitrogen fertilisation. Tropical grasses, 31, 117–123.
- Platace, R. & Adamovics, A. (2014). Indicators characterising calorific value of reed canary grass and last year’s grass. In Engineering for Rural Development. Proceedings 13th International Scientific Conference, 13, 440–443.
- Ribeiro, A. F., Messana, J. D., Dian, P. H. M., Reis, R. A., Ruggieri, A. C., Malheiros, E. B. & Berchielli, T. T. (2014). Chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and gas production of Brachiaria managed under different forage allowances. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 13(1), 3034. doi:10.4081/ijas.2014.3034
- Rossier, B. C., Baker, M. E. & Studer, R. A. (2015). Epithelial sodium transport and its control by aldosterone: The story of our internal environment revisited. Physiological Reviews, 95(1), 297–340.
- Rusdy, M. (2014). Dry matter yield and nutritional quality of Panicum maximum–Centrosema Pubescens mixtures at different plant proportions and cutting intervals. International Journal of Science, Environment, 3(6), 2231–2241.
- Saha, U., Sonon, L., Hancock, D., Hill, N., Stewart, L., Heusner, G. & Kissel, D. E. (2013). Common terms used in animal feeding and nutrition. (Athens: University of Georgia).
- Schultze-Kraft, R., Rao, I. M., Peters, M., Clements, R. J., Bai, C. & Liu, G. (2018). Tropical forage legumes for environmental benefits: An overview. Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales, 6(1), 1–14.
- Soetan, K. O., Olaiya, C. O. & Oyewole, O. E. (2010). The importance of mineral elements for humans, domestic animals and plants – A review. African Journal of Food Science, 4(5), 200–222.
- Soil Working Group. (1991). Soil Classification: A Taxonomic System for South Africa. Memoirs on the Agricultural Natural Resources of South Africa No 15 (Pretoria: Department of Agricultural Development).
- Tairo, E. V. & Ndakidemi, P. A. (2013). Possible benefits of Rhizobial inoculation and phosphorus supplementation on nutrition, growth and economic sustainability in grain legumes. American Journal of Research Communication, 1, 532–556.
- Tavirimirwa, B., Manzungu, E., Washaya, S., Ncube, S., Ncube, S., Mudzengi, C. P. & Mwembe, R. (2019). Efforts to improve Zimbabwe communal grazing areas: A review. African Journal of Range & Forage Science, 36(2), 73–83. doi:10.2989/10220119.2019.1602566
- Tesk, C. R. M., Cavalli, J., Pina, D. S., Pereira, D. H., Pedreira, C. G. S., Jank, L., Sollenberger, L. E. & Pedreira, B. C. (2020). Herbage responses of Tamani and Quênia Guinea grasses to grazing intensity. Agronomy Journal, 112, 2081–2091. doi:10.1002/agj2.20189
- Tilley, J. M. A. & Terry, R. A. (1963). A two-stage technique for in vitro digestion of forage crops. Grass and Forage Science, 18, 104–111.
- Tudsri, S., Matsuoka, H. & Kobashi, K. (2002). Effect of temperature on seedling growth characteristics of Panicum maximum. Tropical Grasslands, 36, 165–171.
- Umami, N., Widodo, S., Suhartanto, B., Suwignyo, B., Suseno, N. & Noviandi, C. T. (2018). The effect of planting material on nutrient quality and production of Brachiaria spp. in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 17(12), 671–676.
- Van Soest, P. V., Robertson, J. B. & Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fibre, neutral detergent fibre, and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10), 3583–3597.
- Washaya, S., Mupangwa, J. & Muchenje, V. (2018). Chemical composition of Lablab purpureus and Vigna unguiculata and their subsequent effects on methane production in Xhosa lop-eared goats. South African Journal of Animal Science, 48(3), doi:10.4314/sajas.v48i3.5
- Washaya, S., Mupangwa, J. & Muchenje, V. (2021). Effect of legume hay supplementation on feed intake, growth, digestibility and volatile fatty acid production of Xhosa goats. Welwitschia International Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 3, 1–12.