Hardwood biochar as an alternative to reduce peat use for seed germination and growth of Tagetes patula

References

• Altland JE, Buamscha MG. 2008. Nutrient availability from Douglas Fir bark in response to substrate pH. HortScience. 43(2):478–483.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altland JE, Locke JC. 2017. High rates of gasified rice hull biochar affect geranium and tomato growth in a soilless substrate. J Plant Nutr. 40(13):1816–1828.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astover A, Leedu E. 2019. Mulla happesus ja lupjamine. Tartu: Estonian University of Life Sciences. ISBN 978-9949-629-79-4 (print), ISBN 978-9949-629-80-0 (pdf), ISSN 2504-8074.
   Google Scholar
• Baronti S, Alberti G, Delle Vedove G, Di Gennaro F, Fellet G, Genesio L, Miglietta F, Peressotti A, Vaccari FP. 2010. The biochar option to improve plant yields: first results from some field and pot experiments in Italy. Ital J Agron. 5(1):27–34.
   Google Scholar
• Basso AS. 2012. Effect of fast pyrolysis biochar on physical and chemical properties of a sandy soil. Ames (IA): Iowa State University.
   Google Scholar
• Bengough AG. 2003. Root growth and function in relation to soil structure, composition, and strength. In: de Kroon H, Visser EJW, editors. Root ecology. Ecological studies (Analysis and synthesis). Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg; p. 151–171.
   Google Scholar
• Bigelow CA, Bowman DC, Cassel DK. 2004. Physical properties of three sand size classes amended with inorganic materials or Sphagnum peat moss for putting green rootzones. Crop Sci. 44(3):900–907.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blok C, van der Salm C, Hofland-Zijlstra J, Streminska M, Eveleens B, Regelink I, Fryda L, Visser R. 2017. Biochar for horticultural rooting media improvement: evaluation of biochar from gasification and slow pyrolysis. Agronomy. 7(1).
   Google Scholar
• Brunauer S, Emmett PH, Teller E. 1938. Adsorption of gases in multimolecular layers. J Am Chem Soc. 60(2):309–319.
   Google Scholar
• Bunt BR. 1988. Media and mixes for container-grown plants. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Carlson WH, Rowley EM. 1980. Bedding plants. In: Larson RA, editor. Introduction to floriculture. Academic Press; p. 477–522.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng C-H, Lehmann J, Thies JE, Burton SD, Engelhard MH. 2006. Oxidation of black carbon by biotic and abiotic processes. Org Geochem. 37(11):1477–1488.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chrysargyris A, Prasad M, Kavanagh A, Tzortzakis N. 2019. Biochar type and ratio as a peat additive/partial peat replacement in growing media for cabbage seedling production. Agronomy. 9(11).
   Google Scholar
• Conversa G, Bonasia A, Lazzizera C, Elia A. 2015. Influence of biochar, mycorrhizal inoculation, and fertilizer rate on growth and flowering of Pelargonium (Pelargonium zonale L.) plants. Front Plant Sci. 6:429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demeyer A, Voundi Nkana JC, Verloo MG. 2001. Characteristics of wood ash and influence on soil properties and nutrient uptake: an overview. Bioresour Technol. 77(3):287–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desbiens MC, Bussières P, Caron J, Beeson R, Haydu J, Boudreau J, Elrick D. 2008. Improved water saving in nursery production using Sphagnum peat. Acta Hortic. 779:407–414.
   Google Scholar
• Di Lonardo S, Baronti S, Vaccari FP, Albanese L, Battista P, Miglietta F, Bacci L. 2017. Biochar-based nursery substrates: The effect of peat substitution on reduced salinity. Urban For Urban Green. 23:27–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dispenza V, De Pasquale C, Fascella G, Mammano MM, Alonzo G. 2016. Use of biochar as peat substitute for growing substrates of euphorbia × lomi potted plants. Span J Agric Res. 14(4).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eissenstat DM. 1992. Costs and benefits of constructing roots of small diameter. J Plant Nutr. 15(6–7):763–782.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eissenstat DM, Yanai RD. 1997. The ecology of root lifespan. Adv Ecol Res. 27(C):1–60.
   Google Scholar
• Elkhalifa S, Al-Ansari T, Mackey HR, McKay G. 2019. Food waste to biochars through pyrolysis: A review. Resour Conserv Recycl. 144:310–320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferlito F, Torrisi B, Allegra M, Stagno F, Caruso P, Fascella G. 2020. Evaluation of conifer wood biochar as growing media component for citrus nursery. Applied Sciences. 10(5).
   Google Scholar
• Fuertes AB, Arbestain MC, Sevilla M, Maciá-Agulló JA, Fiol S, López R, Smernik RJ, Aitkenhead WP, Arce F, Macías F. 2010. Chemical and structural properties of carbonaceous products obtained by pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonisation of corn stover. Soil Research. 48(7):618–626.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaskin JW, Steiner C, Harris K, Das KC, Bibens B. 2008. Effect of low-temperature pyrolysis conditions on biochar for agricultural use. Transactions of the ASABE. 51(6):2061–2069.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gezahegn S, Sain M, Thomas S. 2019. Variation in feedstock wood chemistry strongly influences biochar liming potential. Soil Systems. 3(2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser B, Wiedner K, Seelig S, Schmidt H-P, Gerber H. 2014. Biochar organic fertilizers from natural resources as substitute for mineral fertilizers. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 35(2):667–678.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government of the United Kingdom. 2018. 25 year environment plan. London: Government of the United Kingdom, Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Gruda N, Bisbis M, Tanny J. 2019. Impacts of protected vegetable cultivation on climate change and adaptation strategies for cleaner production – a review. J Cleaner Prod. 225:324–339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyväluoma J, Hannula M, Arstila K, Wang H, Kulju S, Rasa K. 2018. Effects of pyrolysis temperature on the hydrologically relevant porosity of willow biochar. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 134:446–453.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffery S, Abalos D, Prodana M, Bastos AC, van Groenigen JW, Hungate BA, Verheijen F. 2017. Biochar boosts tropical but not temperate crop yields. Environ Res Lett. 12:5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kern J, Tammeorg P, Shanskiy M, Sakrabani R, Knicker H, Kammann C, Tuhkanen E-M, Smidt G, Prasad M, Tiilikkala K, et al. 2017. Synergistic use of peat and charred material in growing media – an option to reduce the pressure on peatlands? Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management. 25(2):160–174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolb E, Hartmann C, Genet P. 2012. Radial force development during root growth measured by photoelasticity. Plant Soil. 360(1-2):19–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuzyakov Y, Subbotina I, Chen H, Bogomolova I, Xu X. 2009. Black carbon decomposition and incorporation into soil microbial biomass estimated by 14C labeling. Soil Biol Biochem. 41(2):210–219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laasimer L. 1975. Haruldaste taimekoosluste olukord ja kaitse probleemid eestis. In: Kumari E, Hang V, Mäemets A, editor. Eesti loodusharulduste kaitseks. Tallinn, Estonia: Valgus; p. 224.
   Google Scholar
• Lehmann J. 2007a. Bio-energy in the black. Front Ecol Environ. 5(7):381–387.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann J. 2007b. A handful of carbon. Nature. 447(7141):143–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann J, Joseph S. 2009. Biochar for environmental management: Science and technology. London, United Kingdom: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Lehmann J, Joseph S. 2015. Biochar for environmental management: Science and technology (second edition). London: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Lehmann J, Pereira da Silva J, Steiner C, Nehls T, Zech W, Glaser B. 2003. Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaeological Anthrosol and a Ferralsol of the Central Amazon basin: Fertilizer, manure and charcoal amendments. Plant Soil. 249(2):343–357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIFE programme. 2015. Reduction of CO2 emissions by restoring degraded Peatlands in Northern European Lowland (LIFE15 CCM/DE/000138). Brussels, Belgium: LIFE peat restore, LIFE programme. European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Long J, Song H, Jun X, Sheng S, Lun-Shi S, Kai X, Yao Y. 2012. Release characteristics of alkali and alkaline earth metallic species during biomass pyrolysis and steam gasification process. Bioresour Technol. 116:278–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu S, Zong Y. 2018. Pore structure and environmental serves of biochars derived from different feedstocks and pyrolysis conditions. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 25(30):30401–30409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas RE, Davis JF. 1961. Relationships between pH values of organic soils and availabilities of 12 plant nutrients. Soil Sci. 92(3):177–182.
   Google Scholar
• Mendiburu FD. 2015. Agricolae: Statistical procedures for agricultural research. R package version 1.2-3. Vienna: The Comprehensive R Archive Network.
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen BT, Lehmann J. 2009. Black carbon decomposition under varying water regimes. Org Geochem. 40(8):846–853.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noguera D, Barot S, Laossi KR, Cardoso J, Lavelle P, de Carvalho MH. C. 2012. Biochar but not earthworms enhances rice growth through increased protein turnover. Soil Biol Biochem. 52:13–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogle D, Wheeler P, Dinno A. 2019. FSA. R Package version 0.8.2. Vienna. The Comprehensive R Archive Network.
   Google Scholar
• Olmo M, Alburquerque JA, Barrón V, del Campillo MC, Gallardo A, Fuentes M, Villar R. 2014. Wheat growth and yield responses to biochar addition under Mediterranean climate conditions. Biol Fertil Soils. 50(8):1177–1187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olmo M, Villar R, Salazar P, Alburquerque JA. 2015. Changes in soil nutrient availability explain biochar’s impact on wheat root development. Plant Soil. 399(1-2):333–343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ok YS, Uchimiya SM, Chang SX, Bolan N. 2015. Biochar: production, characterization, and applications. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Paal J. 1998. Rare and threatened plant communitiesof Estonia. Biodivers Conserv. 7(8):1027–1049.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandit NR, Mulder J, Hale SE, Martinsen V, Schmidt HP, Cornelissen G. 2018. Biochar improves maize growth by alleviation of nutrient stress in a moderately acidic low-input Nepalese soil. Sci Total Environ. 625:1380–1389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew WT. 2008. Potassium influences on yield and quality production for maize, wheat, soybean and cotton. Physiol Plant. 133(4):670–681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad M, Tzortzakis N, McDaniel N. 2018. Chemical characterization of biochar and assessment of the nutrient dynamics by means of preliminary plant growth tests. J Environ Manage. 216:89–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. R. 2016. A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
   Google Scholar
• Razaq M, Salahuddin SH, Sher H, Zhang P. 2017. Influence of biochar and nitrogen on fine root morphology, physiology, and chemistry of acer mono. Sci Rep. 7(1):5367.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rehrah D, Reddy MR, Novak JM, Bansode RR, Schimmel KA, Yu J, Watts DW, Ahmedna M. 2014. Production and characterization of biochars from agricultural by-products for use in soil quality enhancement. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 108:301–309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhoades JD, et al. 1996. Salinity: electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. In: Sparks DL, Page AL, Helmke PA, editor. Methods of soil analysis: part 3 chemical methods. Madison (WI): Soil Science Society of America, Inc; p. 53.
   Google Scholar
• Schmilewski G. 2017. Growing media constituents used in the EU in 2013. Acta Hortic. 1168:85–92.
   Google Scholar
• Silber A, Bar-Tal A. 2008. Nutrition of substrate-grown plants. In: Raviv M, Lieth JH, editor. Soilless culture theory and practice. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science; p. 291–339.
   Google Scholar
• Simpson MG. 2010. Evolution and diversity of green and land plants. In: Simpson MG, editor. Plant systematics. 2nd ed. Cambridge (MA): Academic Press; p. 55–72.
   Google Scholar
• Smider B, Singh B. 2014. Agronomic performance of a high ash biochar in two contrasting soils. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 191:99–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soil and Plant Analysis Council, Inc. 1992. Handbook on reference methods for soil analysis. Athens: Council on Soil Testing and Plant Analysis, p. 202.
   Google Scholar
• Someshwar AV. 1996. Wood and combination wood-fired boiler ash characterization. J Environ Qual. 25(5):962–972.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speratti AB, Johnson MS, Sousa HM, Dalmagro HJ, Couto EG. 2018. Biochars from local agricultural waste residues contribute to soil quality and plant growth in a cerrado region (Brazil) arenosol. GCB Bioenergy. 10(4):272–286.
   Google Scholar
• Strack M. 2008. Peatlands and climate change. Jyväskylä, Finland.
   Google Scholar
• Tan Z, Lin CSK, Ji X, Rainey TJ. 2017. Returning biochar to fields: A review. Appl Soil Ecol. 116:1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian Y, Sun X, Li S, Wang H, Wang L, Cao J, Zhang L. 2012. Biochar made from green waste as peat substitute in growth media for calathea rotundifola cv. fasciata. Sci Hortic. 143:15–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripathi P, Lo Leggio L, Mansfeld J, Ulbrich-Hofmann R, Kayastha AM. 2007. Alpha-amylase from mung beans (vigna radiata)–correlation of biochemical properties and tertiary structure by homology modelling. Phytochemistry. 68(12):1623–1631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tukey JW. 1977. Exploratory data analysis. Reading (MA). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Ueno M, Kaeamitsu Y, Komiya Y, Sun L. 2007. Carbonisation and gasification of bagasse for effective utilisation of sugarcane biomass. 26th Congress of the International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists. Réduit, Mauritius: International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Geological Survey. 2020. Mineral commodity summaries 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Uzoma KC, Inoue M, Andry H, Zahoor A, Nishihara E. 2011. Influence of biochar application on sandy soil hydraulic properties and nutrient retention. J Food Agric Environ. 9:1137–1143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanek SJ, Lehmann J. 2014. Phosphorus availability to beans via interactions between mycorrhizas and biochar. Plant Soil. 395(1-2):105–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vassilev SV, Baxter D, Andersen LK, Vassileva CG. 2010. An overview of the chemical composition of biomass. Fuel. 89(5):913–933.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vassilev SV, Baxter D, Andersen LK, Vassileva CG. 2013. An overview of the composition and application of biomass ash. Part 1. Phase–mineral and chemical composition and classification. Fuel. 105:40–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughn SF, Kenar JA, Eller FJ, Moser BR, Jackson MA, Peterson SC. 2015. Physical and chemical characterization of biochars produced from coppiced wood of thirteen tree species for use in horticultural substrates. Ind Crops Prod. 66:44–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Videgain-Marco M, Marco-Montori P, Martí-Dalmau C, Jaizme-Vega M, Manyà-Cervelló JJ, García-Ramos FJ. 2020. Effects of biochar application in a sorghum crop under greenhouse conditions: growth parameters and physicochemical fertility. Agronomy. 10(1).
   Google Scholar
• Weber K, Quicker P. 2018. Properties of biochar. Fuel. 217:240–261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werdin J, Fletcher TD, Rayner JP, Williams NSG, Farrell C. 2020. Biochar made from low density wood has greater plant available water than biochar made from high density wood. Sci Total Environ. 705:135856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang Y, Deng Q, Duan H, Guo Y. 2017. Effects of biochar application on root traits: a meta-analysis. GCB Bioenergy. 9(10):1563–1572.
   Google Scholar
• Ye L, Camps-Arbestain M, Shen Q, Lehmann J, Singh B, Sabir M, Condron LM. 2019. Biochar effects on crop yields with and without fertilizer: A meta-analysis of field studies using separate controls. Soil Use Manag. 36(1):2–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, You C. 2013. Water holding capacity and absorption properties of wood chars. Energy Fuels. 27(5):2643–2648.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu Q, Kong L, Xie F, Zhang H, Wang H, Ao X. 2018. Effects of biochar on seedling root growth of soybeans. Chil J Agric Res. 78(4):549–558.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zulfiqar F, Younis A, Chen J. 2019. Biochar or biochar-compost amendment to a peat-based substrate improves growth of Syngonium podophyllum. Agronomy. 9:8.
   Google Scholar