Aeration improves the hygiene of cattle slurry and the quality of grass forage and silageFootnote†

Dedicated to the late Professor Paavo Elonen.

References

• Adams , M. H. 1959 . “ Bacteriophages ” . In Interscience New York
   Google Scholar
• Arimi , S. M. , Ryser , E. T. , Pritchard , T. J. and Donnelly , C. W. 1997 . Diversity of Listeria ribotypes recovered from dairy cattle, silage, and dairy processing environments . J. Food Prot. , 60 : 811 – 816 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Asplund , K. , Hakkinen , M. , Björkroth , J. , Nuotio , L. and Nurmi , E. 1996 . Note: inhibition of the growth of Yersinia enterocolitica O: 3 by the microflora of porcine caecum and ileum in an in vitro model . J. Appl. Bact. , 81 : 217 – 222 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bercovier , H. and Mollaret , H. H. 1984 . “ Genus Yersinia ” . In Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology , Vol. 1 , 498 – 506 . Baltimore, MD : Williams & Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Bertilsson , J. , Lingvall , P. and Gyllenward , M. . Factors affecting the contamination of bulk milk with clostridia spores . Proceedings; Symposium on Bacteriological Quality of Raw Milk . Wolfpassing, Austria. pp. 33 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Bhaduri , S. , Buchanan , R. L. and Phillips , J. G. 1995 . Expanded response surface model for predicting the effects of temperature, pH, sodium chloride contents and sodium nitrite concentrations on the growth rate of Yersinia enterocolitica . J. Appl. Bact. , 79 : 163 – 170 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bolton , F. J. and Coates , D. 1983 . Development of a blood‐free Campylobacter medium: screening tests on basal media and supplements, and the ability of selected supplements to facilitate aerotolerance . J. Appl. Bact. , 54 : 115 – 125 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Demple , B. 1991 . Regulation of bacterial oxidative stress genes . Annu. Rev. Genet. , 25 : 315 – 337 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donald , A. S. , Fenton , D. R. and Seddon , B. 1995 . The relationship between ecophysiology, indigenous microflora and growth of Listeria monocytogenes in grass silage . J. Appl. Bact. , 79 : 163 – 170 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farmer , F. J. and Kelly , M. T. 1991 . “ Enterobacleriaceae Chapter 36 ” . In Manual of Clinical Microbiology , Ed. 5. , 360 – 383 . Washington : American Society for Microbiology .
   Google Scholar
• Fenlon , D. R. and Wilson , J. 1996 . The incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk in north‐east Scotland . J. Appl. Bact. , 66 : 191 – 196 .
   Google Scholar
• Goudkov , A. V. and Sharp , M. E. 1966 . A preliminary investigation of the importance of clostridia in the production of rancid flavour in cheddar cheese . J. Dairy Res. , 33 : 139 – 149 .
   Google Scholar
• Grabow , W. O. K. , Coubrough , P. , Hilner , C. and Bateman , B. W. 1985 . Inactivation of hepatitis A virus, other enteric viruses and indicator organisms in water by chlorination . Water Sci. Technol. , 17 : 657 – 664 .
   Google Scholar
• Heinonen‐Tanski , H. , Niskanen , E. M. , Salmela , P. and Lanki , E. 1998 . Salmonella in animal slurry can be destroyed by aeration at low temperatures . J. Appl. Microb. , 85 : 277 – 281 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helminen , J. 1985 . Säilörehu ja navettahygienia ratkaisevaa maidon laadulle ja jatkojalostukselle. (Silage and cowhouse hygiene important for quality of milk and its processing) . Karjatalous , 61 : 54 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Husu , J. 1991 . Epidemiological and experimental studies of Listeria infections with special reference to faecal excretion in ruminants, contaminations of fresh milk, presence of the silage and growth at low temperatures , College of Veterinary Medicine Helsinki . Dissertation.
   Google Scholar
• Ilmatieteen laitos . June, July, August 1992 . Kuukausikatsaukset (Meteorological data) , June, July, August , Helsinki : Meteorological Institute . 1992
   Google Scholar
• Ilmatieteen laitos . June, July, August 1993 . Kuukausikatsaukset (Meteorological data) , June, July, August , Helsinki : Meteorological Institute . 1993
   Google Scholar
• Jääskeläinen , T. 1994 . Maidonjalostustusketjun ympäristövaikutukset Promilk‐ryhmässä (Environmental effects of milk production by Promilk‐group) , 80 Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Kuopio. Report .
   Google Scholar
• Jonsson , A. 1989 . Enumeration and confirmation of C. tyrobutyricum in silage using neutral red, D‐cycloserine and lactate dehydrogenase activity . J. Dairy Res. , 73 : 719 – 725 .
   Google Scholar
• Jonsson , A. 1989 . The role of yeasts and clostridia in silage deterioration. Identification and ecology. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Department of Microbiology . Report , 42 : 1 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Kemppainen , E. 1989 . Nutrient content and fertilizer value of livestock manure with special reference to cow manure . Ann. Agr. Fenn. , 28 : 165 – 284 .
   Google Scholar
• Kihm , D. J. , Leyer , G. J. , An , G.‐H. and Johnson , E. A. 1994 . Sensitization of Listeria monocytogenes to added lysozyme in milk . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 60 : 3854 – 3861 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Korhonen , L. K. and Hedlund , E. M. . Zoonotic bacteria in Finnish surface waters contaminated by agricultural runoff . First Finnish Conference of Environmental Sciences . Vol. 14 , pp. 182 – 185 . Kuopio University Publications C .
   Google Scholar
• Korhonen , L. , Niskanen , M. , Heinonen‐Tanski , H. , Martikainen , P. J. , Salonen , L. and Taipalinen , I. 1996 . Ground‐water quality in wells in central rural Finland—a microbiological and radio‐chemical survey , Vol. 25 , 343 – 349 . Ambio .
   Google Scholar
• Langó , Z. and Heinonen‐Tanski , H. 1995 . Occurrence of Clostridium tyrobutyricum in cattle slurry and fresh forage grasses . Biores. Technol. , 53 : 189 – 191 .
   Google Scholar
• Leinonen , P. , Heinonen‐Tanski , H. and Rinne , K. 1998 . Nitrogen economy of cattle slurry aeration and spreading onto grassland . Acta Agric. Scand., Sect. B, Soil Plant Sci. , 48 : 65 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Lund , E. and Nissen , B. 1983 . The survival of enteroviruses in aerated and unaerated cattle and pig slurry . Agr. Wastes , 7 : 221 – 233 .
   Google Scholar
• McDonald , P. , Henderson , A. R. and Heron , S. J. E. 1991 . “ The Biochemistry of Silage ” . In Chapter 4. Microorganisms , 2nd Ed. , 81 – 151 . Marlow : Chalcombe Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Mitcherlich , E. and Marth , E. H. 1984 . Microbial survival in the environment , 802 Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Munch , B. , Errebo Larsen , H. and Aalbek , B. 1987 . Experimental studies on the survival of pathogenic and indicator bacteria in aerated and non‐aerated cattle and pig slurry . Biol. Wastes , 22 : 49 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mustonen , S. 1992 . Survo—an integrated environment for statistical computing and related areas , Helsinki : Survo Systems Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Myhr , K. , Knudsen , E. and Øpstad , L. 1993 . Verknad av våtkompostertert og tilsvarande ubehandla blaut storfegj⊘dsel til eng og gr⊘nfôr. (The effects of wet composting, and corresponding untreated cattle slurry on grassland and on green fodder crops) . Norsk Landbr. , 7 : 201 – 215 .
   Google Scholar
• Östling , C. 1993 . The role of manure and enterobacteria in silage fermentation , Vol. 56 , 1 – 33 . Swedish University, Dept. Microbiology Report .
   Google Scholar
• Östling , C. E. and Lindgren , S. E. 1991 . Bacteria in manure and on manured and NPK‐fertilized silage crops . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 55 : 579 – 588 .
   Google Scholar
• Nordic Committee on Food Analysis (Yersinia) 1987. Method No 117.
   Google Scholar
• Nordic Committee on Food Analysis (Listeria) 1990. Method No 136.
   Google Scholar
• Pohjois‐Savon Nurmiviljely 1991. An advisory guide.
   Google Scholar
• Rahman , I. , Shahamat , M. , Kirchman , P. A. , Russek‐Cohen , E. and Colwell , R. R. 1994 . Methionine uptake and cytopathogenicity of viable but nonculturable Shigella dysenteriae type 1 . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 60 : 3573 – 3578 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajala‐Mustonen , R. L. and Heinonen‐Tanski , H. 1994 . Sensitivity of host strains and host range of coliphages isolated from Finnish and Nicaraguan wastewater . Wat. Res. , 28 : 1811 – 1815 .
   Google Scholar
• Rammer , C. , Lingvall , P. and Salomon , E. 1997 . Ensiling of manured crops—Does repeated spreading of slurry increase the hygienic risk? . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 73 : 329 – 336 .
   Google Scholar
• Sanaa , M. , Audurier , A. , Poutrel , B. , Menard , J.‐L. and Serieys , F. . Origin of bovine raw milk contamination by Listeria monocytogenes . Proceedings Symposium on Bacteriological Quality of Raw Milk . Wolfpassing, Austria. pp. 84 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Seeliger , H. P. R. and Jones , D. 1986 . “ Genus Listeria ” . In Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology , Vol. 2 , 1235 – 1254 . Baltimore, MD : Williams & Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Skjelhaugen, O. J. 1992. Aerobic treatment integrated in a closed liquid manure management system. Environmental and energy aspects of livestock housing. Polonica, Poland. Report of International Commission of Agricultural Engineering. Aug 31‐Sept. 3.
   Google Scholar
• SPSS . 1990 . Reference Book , Chicago : SPSS Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Strauch , D. 1988 . Krankheitserreger in Fäkalien und ihre epidemiologische Bedeutung . Tierärztl. Praxis Suppl. , 3 : 21 – 27 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• United Nations and Economic Commission for Europe . . Environment in Europe and North‐America . Conference of European Statisticians . pp. 42 Statistic Standards and Studies New York .
   Google Scholar
• Zar , J. H. 1984 . Biostatistical Analysis , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice‐Hall Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Dedicated to the late Professor Paavo Elonen.
   Google Scholar