804
Views
37
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
GRAND ROUNDS

Utilizing Virtual Reality to Improve the Ecological Validity of Clinical Neuropsychology: An fMRI Case Study Elucidating the Neural Basis of Planning by Comparing the Tower of London with a Three-Dimensional Navigation Task

, , , , &
Pages 295-306 | Published online: 18 Nov 2009

REFERENCES

  • Alderman , N. , Burgess , P. W. , Knight , C. , & Henman , C. ( 2003 ). Ecological validity of a simplified version of the multiple errands shopping test . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 9 ( 1 ), 31 – 44 .
  • Andres , P. , & Van der Linden , M. ( 2001 ). Supervisory attentional system in patients with focal frontal lesions . Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology , 23 ( 2 ), 225 – 239 .
  • Baker , S. C. , Rogers , R. D. , Owen , A. M. , Frith , C. D. , Dolan , R. J. , et al. . ( 1996 ). Neural systems engaged by planning: A PET study of the Tower of London task . Neuropsychologia , 34 ( 6 ), 515 – 526 .
  • Benson , R. R. , FitzGerald , D. B. , LeSueur , L. L. , Kennedy , D. N. , Kwong , K. K. , et al. . ( 1999 ). Language dominance determined by whole-brain functional MRI in patients with brain lesions . Neurology , 52 ( 4 ), 798 – 809 .
  • Berg , W. K. , & Byrd , D. ( 2002 ). The Tower of London spatial problem-solving task: Enhancing clinical and research implementation . Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology , 24 ( 5 ), 586 – 604 .
  • Briggs , G. G. , & Nebes , R. D. ( 1975 ). Patterns of hand preference in a student population . Cortex , 11 ( 3 ), 230 – 238 .
  • Burgess , P. W. , Alderman , N. , Evans , J. , Emslie , H. , & Wilson , B. A. ( 1998 ). The ecological validity of tests of executive function . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 4 ( 6 ), 547 – 558 .
  • Carlin , D. , Bonerba , J. , Phipps , M. , Alexander , G. , Shapiro , M. , & Grafman , J. (2000). Planning impairments in frontal lobe dementia and frontal lobe lesion patients. Neuropsychologia , 38(5), 655–665.
  • Cazalis , F. , Valbregue , R. , Pélégrini-Issac , M. , Asloun , S. , Robbins , T. W. , & Ganon , S. ( 2003 ). Individual differences in prefrontal cortical activation on the Tower of London planning task: Implication for effortful processing . European Journal of Neuroscience , 17 ( 10 ), 2219 – 2225 .
  • Cockburn , J. ( 1995 ). Performance on the Tower of London after severe head injury . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 6 ( 6 ), 537 – 544 .
  • Colvin , M. K. , Dunbar , K. , & Grafman , J. ( 2001 ). The effects of frontal lobe lesions on goal achievement in the water jug task . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 13 ( 8 ), 1129 – 1147 .
  • Courtney , S. M. , Ungerleider , L. G. , Keil , K. , & Haxby , J. V. ( 1997 ). Transient and sustained activity in a distributed neural system for human working memory . Nature , 386 ( 6625 ), 608 – 611 .
  • Cox , R. ( 1996 ). AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages . Computers and Biomedical Research , 29 ( 3 ), 162 – 173 .
  • Dagher , A. , Owen , A. M. , Boecker , H. , & Brooks , D. J. ( 1999 ). Mapping the network for planning: A correlational PET activation study with the Tower of London task . Brain , 122 ( 10 ), 1973 – 1987 .
  • Kafer , K. L. , & Hunter , M. ( 1997 ). On testing the face validity of planning/problem-solving tasks in a normal population . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 3 ( 2 ), 108 – 119 .
  • Krikorian , R. , Bartok , J. , & Gay , N. ( 1994 ). Tower of London procedure: A standard method and developmental data . Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology , 16 ( 6 ), 840 – 850 .
  • Lazeron , R. H. , Rombouts , S. A. , Machielsen , W. C. , Scheltens , P. , Witter , M. P. , et al. . ( 2000 ). Visualizing brain activation during planning: The Tower of London Test adapted for functional MR imaging . American Journal of Neuroradiology , 21 ( 8 ), 1407 – 1414 .
  • Lezak , M. D. , Howieson , D. B. , & Loring , D. W. ( 2004 ). Neuropsychological assessment . ( , 4th ed. ). New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Maguire , E. A. , Burgess , N. , Donnett , J. G. , Frackowiak , R. S. J. , Frith , C. D. , & O'Keefe , J. ( 1998 ). Knowing where and getting there: A human navigation network . Science , 280 ( 5365 ), 921 – 924 .
  • Miller , B. L. , & Cummings , J. L. ( 1998 ). The human frontal lobes: Functions and disorders . New York : The Guilford Press .
  • Morris , R. G. , Ahmed , S. , Syed , G. M. , & Toone , B. K. ( 1993 ). Neural correlates of planning ability: Frontal lobe activation during the Tower of London Test . Neuropsychologia , 31 ( 12 ), 1367 – 1378 .
  • Owen , A. M. , Downes , J. J. , Sahakian , B. J. , Polkey , C. E. , & Robbins , T. W. ( 1990 ). Planning and spatial working memory following frontal lobe lesions in man . Neuropsychologia , 28 ( 10 ), 1021 – 1034 .
  • Owen , A. M. , Doyon , J. , Petrides , M. , & Evans , A. C. ( 1996 ). Planning and spatial working memory: A positron emission tomography study in humans . European Journal of Neuroscience , 8 ( 2 ), 353 – 364 .
  • Owen , A. M. , Sahakian , B. J. , Semple , J. , Polkey , C. E. , & Robbins , T. W. ( 1995 ). Dopamine-dependent fronto-striatal planning deficits in early Parkinson's disease . Neuropsychology , 9 ( 1 ), 126 – 140 .
  • Porteus , S. D. ( 1959 ). The Maze Test and clinical psychology . Palo Alto , CA : Pacific Books .
  • Rezai , K. , Andreasen , N. C. , Alliger , R. , Cohen , G. , Swayze , V. , & O'Leary , D. S. ( 1993 ). The neuropsychology of the prefrontal cortex . Archives of Neurology , 50 ( 6 ), 636 – 642 .
  • Saint-Cyr , J. A. , Taylor , A. E. , & Lang , A. E. ( 1988 ). Procedural learning and neostriatal dysfunction in man . Brain , 111 ( 4 ), 941 – 959 .
  • Shallice , T. ( 1982 ). Specific impairments in planning . Philosophical Transcripts of the Royal Society of London B , 298 ( 1089 ), 199 – 209 .
  • Shallice , T. , & Burgess , P. W. ( 1991 ). Deficits in strategy application following frontal lobe damage in man . Brain , 114 ( 2 ), 727 – 741 .
  • Simon , H. A. ( 1975 ). The functional equivalence of problem-solving skills . Cognitive Psychology , 7 ( 2 ), 268 – 288 .
  • Stuss , D. T. , & Benson , D. F. ( 1986 ). The frontal lobes . New York : Raven Press .
  • Talairach , J. , & Tournoux , P. ( 1988 ). Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain . New York : Thieme Medical Publishing .
  • van den Heuvel , O. A. , Groenewegen , H. J. , Barkhof , F. , Lazeron , R. H. , van Dyck , R. , & Veltman , D. J. ( 2003 ). Frontostriatal system in planning complexity: A parametric functional magnetic resonance version of Tower of London task . Neuroimage , 18 ( 2 ), 367 – 374 .
  • Wagner , A. D. , Schacter , D. L. , Rotte , M. , Koutstaal , W. , Maril , A. , et al. . ( 1998 ). Building memories: Remembering and forgetting of verbal experiences as predicted by brain activity . Science , 281 ( 5380 ), 1188 – 1191 .
  • Wilson , B. A. , Alderman , N. , Burgess , P. W. , Emslie , H. , & Evans , J. J. ( 1996 ). Behavioral assessment of the dysexecutive syndrome . Bury St. Edmunds , UK : Thames Valley Test Company .
  • Zakzanis , K. K. , Graham , S. J. , Campbell , Z. , & Mraz , R. ( 2004 ). Neuropsychological reductionism and a possible solution toward clinical and experimental measurement of real-world cognitive function and dysfunction . Hellenic Journal of Psychology , 1 ( 3 ), 326 – 347 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.