Protecting oceans from illicit oil spills: environment control and remote sensing using spaceborne imaging radars

References

• REMPEC. Regional Marine Pollution Emergency Response Centre for the Mediterranean Sea. Tech. Rep. 1998. (ESA – Earth Observation Quarterly).
   Google Scholar
• Cecamore P, Ciappa A, Perusini V. Monitoring the oil spill following the wreck of the tanker haven in the gulf of genoa through satellite remote sensing techniques. First Thematic Conference on Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments, ERIM; Ann Arbor (MI). Vol. 14; 1992. p. 183–189.
   Google Scholar
• O'Neil RA, Neville RA, Thompson V. The arctic marine oilspill program (AMOP) remote sensing study. Environ Can Rep EPS. 1983;3(83).
   Google Scholar
• Dean KG, Stringer WJ, Groves JE, et al. The exxon valdez oil spill: satellite analyses. Oil Spills. 1990:492–502.
   Google Scholar
• Cross A. Monitoring marine oil pollution using AVHRR data: observations off the coast of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia during January 1991. Int J Remote Sens. 1992;13:781–788.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Ghunaim I, Abuzar M, Al-Qurnas FS. Delineation and monitoring of oil spill in the Arabian Gulf using landsat thematic mapper (TM) data. First Thematic Conference on Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments, ERIM; Ann Arbor (MI). Vol. 14; 1992. p. 1151–1160.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Hinai KG, Khan MA, Dabbagh AE, et al. Analysis of landsat thematic mapper data for mapping oil slick concentrations – arabian gulf oil spill 1991. Arab J Sci Eng. 1993;18(2):85–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rand RS, Davis DA, Satterwhite MB, et al. Methods of monitoring the persian gulf oil spill using digital and hardcopy multiband data. U.S. Army Corp of Engineers Report, No. TEC-14; 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Palenzuela JMT, Vilas LG, Cuadrado MS. Use of asar images to study the evolution of the prestige oil spill off the Galician coast. Int J Remote Sens. 2006;27(9–10):1931–1950.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fingas M. Oil spills and response. In: Dhanak MR, Xiros NI, editors. Springer handbook of ocean engineering. Part D – offshore technologies. Cham: Springer; 2016. p. 1067–1094.
   Google Scholar
• Alfoldi TT, Prout NA. The use of satellite data for monitoring oil spills in Canada. Tech. Rep. 3-EC-82-5. Environment Canada Report. 1982.
   Google Scholar
• Intera Technologies Ltd. Radar surveillance in support of the 1983 COATTF oil spill trials. Environment Canada Report No. EE-51. 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Pavlakis P, Tarchi D, Sieber AJ. On the monitoring of illicit vessel discharges, a reconnaissance study in the Mediterranean sea. Annales des Télécommunications. 2001;56(11–12):700–718.
   Google Scholar
• Sankaran K, Fortuny-Guasch J. Radar remote sensing for oil spill classification (optimisation for enhanced classification). Proceedings of the 12th IEEE Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference; Dubrovnik, Croatia. 2004. p. 511–514.
   Google Scholar
• Guinard N. Radar detection of oil spills. Joint Conference on Sensing of Environmental Pollutants; Palo Alto (CA). 1971.
   Google Scholar
• Fingas MF, Brown EC. Review of oil spill remote sensing. Spill Sci Technol Bull. 1997;4(4):199–208.
   Google Scholar
• Wahl T, Eldhuset K, Skøelv A. Ship traffic monitoring and oil spill detection using ERS-1. International Symposium Operationalization of Remote Sensing; Enschede, The Netherlands. Vol. 1. 1993. p. 97–105.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao Z, Ji K, Xing X, et al. Ship surveillance by integration of space-borne SAR and AIS – further research. J Navig. 2014;67(2):295–309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aakash AB, Sankaran K. Spaceborne ocean monitors: radar imaging of illicit oil-spills. IEEE-INAE Workshop on Electromagnetics IIWE, Trivandrum, India: Indian National Academy of Engineering; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Elachi C. Radar imaging of the ocean surface. Boundary-Layer Meterol. 1978;13(1–4):165–179.
   Google Scholar
• Espedal HA, Johannessen OM. Cover: detection of oil spills near offshore installations using synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Int J Remote Sens. 2000;21(11):2141–2144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skolnik M. Spaceborne radar for the global surveillance of ships over the ocean. IEEE National Radar Conference; Syracuse (NY). Vol. 2. 1997. p. 120–125.
   Google Scholar
• Engelhardt FR. Remote sensing for oil spill detection and response. Pure Appl Chem. 1999;71:103–111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferraro G, Muellenhoff O, Tarchi D, et al. Aerial and satellite surveillance of operational ship pollution in the European seas. Proc SPIE. 2007;6749:67490E.
   Google Scholar
• Hühnerfuss H, Alpers W, Gericke A, et al. Classification of sea slicks by multi-frequency radar techniques: the influence of the temperature and of the morphology effect on water wave damping. Proceedings of OCEANS'93, “Engineering in Harmony with Ocean” Victoria (BC). Vol. 2. 1993. p. 336–341.
   Google Scholar
• Fan K, Zhang Y, Lin H. Satellite SAR analysis and interpretation of oil spill in the offshore water of Hong Kong. Ann GIS. 2010;16(4):269–275.
   Google Scholar
• Trivero P, Fiscella B, Gomez F, et al. SAR detection and characterization of sea surface slicks. Int J Remote Sens. 1998;19(3):543–548.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sankaran K. Spaceborne radar remote sensing of ocean surfaces: electromagnetic modelling & applications. J Electromagn Waves Appl. 2019. In review.
   Google Scholar
• Pavlakis P. On the monitoring of illicit vessel discharges using spaceborne SAR remote sensing – a reconnaissance study in the mediterranean sea. Tech. Rep., European Commission, DG–JRC, EIR 19916. 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Oliver C, Quegan S. Understanding synthetic aperture radar. Raleigh (NC): SciTech; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Moreira A, Prats-Iraola P, Younis M, et al. A tutorial on synthetic aperture radar. IEEE Geosci Remote Sens Mag. 2013;1(1):6–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore C, Barnard A, Fietzek P, et al. Optical tools for ocean monitoring and research. Ocean Sci. 2009;5(4):661–684.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearlman J, Zielinski O. A new generation of optical systems for ocean monitoring. Sea Technol. 2017;58:30–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulaby FT, Elachi C. Radar polarimetry for geoscience applications. Boston (MA): Artech House; 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Huynen JR. Phenomenological theory of radar targets [PhD thesis]. The Netherlands: Technical University of Delft; 1970.
   Google Scholar
• Donelan MA, Pierson WJJ. Radar scattering and equilibrium ranges in wind-generated waves with application to scatterometry. J Geophys Res. 1987;92(C5):4971–5029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alpers WR, Bruening C. On the relative importance of motion-related contributions to the SAR imaging mechanism of ocean surface waves. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens. 1986;GE-24(6):873–885.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espedal HA. Satellite SAR oil spill detection using wind history information. Int J Remote Sens. 1999;20(1):49–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertacca M, Berizzi F, Mese ED. A FARIMA-based technique for oil slick and low-wind areas discrimination in sea sar imagery. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens. 2005;43(11):2484–2493.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombardo P, Oliver CJ. Optimum detection and segmentation of oil-slicks using polarimetric SAR data. IEE Proceedings on Radar, Sonar and Navigation. Vol. 147. 2000. p. 309–320. doi: 10.1049/ip-rsn:20000557
   Google Scholar
• Pavlakis P, Sieber AJ, Alexandry S. Monitoring oil-spill pollution in the Mediterranean with ERS SAR. Tech. Rep. 52, European Space Agency; 1996. (ESA – Earth Observation Quarterly).
   Google Scholar
• Okamoto K, Kobayashi T, Masuko H, et al. Results of experiments using synthetic aperture radar onboard the European remote sensing satellite 1–4, artificial oil pollution detection. J Commun Res Lab. 1996;43(3):327–344.
   Google Scholar
• Espedal H. Oil spill and its look-alikes in ERS SAR imagery. Earth Observ Remote Sens. 1998;5:94–102.
   Google Scholar
• Elachi C. Spaceborne radar remote sensing: applications and techniques. New York (NY): IEEE Press; 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Li Y, Lin H. Oil-spill pollution remote sensing by synthetic aperture radar. In: Marghany M, editor. Advanced geoscience remote sensing. London: IntechOpen; 2014. p. 27–50.
   Google Scholar
• Zebker HA, van Zyl JJ, Held DN. Imaging radar polarimetry from wave synthesis. J Geophys Res. 1987;92(B1):683–701.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alpers W. Imaging ocean surface waves by synthetic aperture radar – a review. In: Allan TD, editor. Satellite microwave remote sensing. Chichester: Ellis Horwood; 1983. p. 107–119.
   Google Scholar
• Sankaran K. Recent trends in computational electromagnetics for defence applications. Def Sci J. 2019;69:65–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elachi C, Zyl JJV. Introduction to the physics and techniques of remote sensing. 2nd ed. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell JB, Wynne RH. Introduction to remote sensing. 5th ed. New York (NY): The Guilford Press; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Barnes RM. Detection of a randomly polarized target [PhD thesis]. Boston(MA): Northeastern University; 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Hubbert JC, Bringi VN. Studies of the polarimetric covariance matrix. part II: modeling and polarization errors. J Atmos Oceanic Technol. 2003;20(7):1011–1022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fingas MF, Brown CE. Airborne oil spill remote sensors – do they have a future? Third International Airborne Remote Sensing Conference and Exhibition; Copenhagen, Denmark. 1997. p. 715–722.
   Google Scholar
• Elachi C, Apel JR. Internal wave observations made with an airborne synthetic aperture imaging radar. Geophys Res Lett. 1976;3(11):647–650.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elachi C, Brown W. Models of radar imaging of the ocean surface waves. IEEE J Oceanic Eng. 1977;2(1):84–95.
   Google Scholar
• Silva A, Nascimento-Duplat D, Oliveira L, et al. Aerotransported radar for oil spills monitoring. Third European Conference on Antennas and Propagation – EuCAP; Berlin, Germany. 2009. p. 3136–3138.
   Google Scholar
• Vesecky JF, Stewart RH. The observation of ocean surface phenomena using imagery from the SEASAT synthetic aperture radar: an assessment. J Geophys Res. 1982;87(C5):3397–3430.
   Google Scholar
• Fu LL, Holt B. Seasat views oceans and sea ice with synthetic-aperture radar. Jet Propul Lab JPL Publ. 198281–120.
   Google Scholar
• Fu LL, Holt B. Some examples of detection of oceanic mesoscale eddies by the SEASAT synthetic-aperture radar. J Geophys Res. 1983;88(C3):1844–1852.
   Google Scholar
• Fu LL, Holt B. Internal waves in the gulf of California – observations from a spaceborne radar. J Geophys Res. 1984;89(C2):2053–2060.
   Google Scholar
• Alpers W. Monte carlo simulations for studying the relationship between ocean waves and synthetic aperture radar image spectra. J Geophys Res. 1983;88(C3):1745–1759.
   Google Scholar
• Hasselmann K, Raney RK, Plant WJ, et al. Theory of synthetic aperture radar ocean imaging: a MARSEN view. J Geophys Res. 1985;90(C3):4659–4686.
   Google Scholar
• Holt B. Introduction: studies of ocean wave spectra from the shuttle imaging radar-b experiment. J Geophys Res. 1988;93(C12):15365–15366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bern T-I, Wahl T, Anderssen T, et al. Oil spill detection using satellite based SAR: experience from a field experiment. Photogramm Eng Remote Sens. 1993;59(3):423–428.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemoto Y, Nishino H, Ono M, et al. Japanese earth resources satellite-1 synthetic aperture radar. Proc IEEE. 1991;79(6):800–809.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimada M. Radiometric and geometric calibration of JERS-1 SAR. Adv Space Res. 1996;17(1):79–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimada T, Kawamura H, Shimada M, et al. Evaluation of JERS-1 SAR images from a coastal wind retrieval point of view. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens. 2004;42(3):491–500.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caro ER. SIR-C, the next generation spaceborne SAR. The Second Spaceborne Imaging Radar Symposium; Pasadena (CA). 1986. p. 203–217.
   Google Scholar
• Gade M, Alpers W, Bao M, et al. Measurements of the radar backscattering over different oceanic surface films during the SIR-C/X-SAR campaigns. IEEE Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS; Lincoln (NE). Vol. 2. 1996. p. 860–862.
   Google Scholar
• Holt B. Introduction to special section: studies of the ocean surface from the spaceborne imaging radar – C X-band SAR experiments. J Geophys Res. 1998;103(C9):18813–18814.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solberg AHS, Brekke C, Husoy PO. Oil spill detection in radarsat and envisat SAR images. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens. 2007;45(3):746–755.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biegert EK, Baker RN, Berry JL. Gulf offshore satellite applications project detects oil slicks using RADARSAT. International Symposium: Geomatics in the Era of Radarsat; Ottawa (ON). 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Werle D, Tittley B, Theriault E. Using RADARSAT-1 SAR imagery to monitor the recovery of the Irving whale oil barge. International Symposium: Geomatics in the Era of RADARSAT; Ottawa (ON). 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Caris M, Stanko S, Palm S, et al. Synthetic aperture radar at millimeter wavelength for UAV surveillance applications. Proceedings of the 1st International Forum on Research and Technologies for Society and Industry Leveraging a better tomorrow (RTSI); Torino, Italy. IEEE; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Singh KP. Monitoring of oil-spills using airborne and spaceborne sensors. Int J Remote Sens. 1995;15(21):101–110.
   Google Scholar
• Berkke C, Solberg AHS. Oil spill detection by satellite remote sensing. Remote Sens Environ. 2005;95(1):1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grantham WL, Bracalente EM, Britt CL, et al. Performance evaluation of an operational spaceborne scatterometer. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens. 1982;GE-20(3):250–254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ka M, Baskakov AI. Optimal detector synthesis for a spaceborne high-precision oceanographic radar altimeter. IEEE Geosci Remote Sens Lett. 2014;11(12):2159–2162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitnik L, Lobanov V, Hsu M-K, et al. Air/sea/land interaction in the coastal zone seen by satellite RAR and SAR. In: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Proceedings – IGARSS. Vol. 2. 1997. p. 806–808.
   Google Scholar
• Immoreev IJ, Taylor JD. Future of radars. IEEE Conference on Ultra Wideband Systems and Technologies; Baltimore (MD). 2002. p. 197–199.
   Google Scholar
• Fiscella B, Giancaspro A, Nirchio F, et al. Oil spill detection using marine SAR images. Int J Remote Sens. 2000;21(18):3561–3566.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fingas MF, Brown CE. Oil spill remote sensors: review, trends and new developments. Fourth Thematic Conference on Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments; Ann Arbor (MI). Vol. 1. ERIM; 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Akkartal A, Sunar F. The usage of radar images in oil spill detection. In: Chen J, Jiang J, Peled A, editors. The international archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences. Beijing. 2008 July 3–11. p. 271–276.
   Google Scholar
• Martínez A, Moreno V. An oil spill monitoring system based on SAR images. Spill Sci Technol Bull. 1996;3(1–2):65–71.
   Google Scholar
• Sankaran K. Are you using the right tools in computational electromagnetics? Engineering Reports. 2019;1(3):1–19. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. doi: 10.1002/eng2.12041
   Google Scholar
• Sankaran K. Beyond DIV, CURL and GRAD: modelling electromagnetic problems using algebraic topology. J Electromagnet Waves Appl. 2017;31(2):121–149. doi: 10.1080/09205071.2016.1257397
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennaugh EM. Polarization dependence of RCS – a geometrical interpretation. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag. 1981;29(2):412–413.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novak LM, Burl MC. Optimal speckle reduction in polarimetric SAR imagery. Trans Aerospace Electron Syst. 1990;26(2):293–305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mott H. Polarimetric contrast optimization. International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS '95. Quantitative Remote Sensing for Science and Applications; Firenze, Italy. Vol. 3. 1995. p. 2011–2013.
   Google Scholar
• Santalla V, McCormick GC, Antar YMM. Optimal polarizations and application to meteorological targets. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag. 1999;47(4):767–769.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirvany R, Chabert M, Tourneret J. Ship and oil-spill detection using the degree of polarization in linear and hybrid/compact dual-pol SAR. IEEE J Sel Top Appl Earth Observations Remote Sens. 2012;5(3):885–892.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topouzelis KN. Oil spill detection by SAR images: dark formation detection, feature extraction and classification algorithms. Sensors. 2008;8(10):6642–6659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solberg ARS, Storvik G, Solberg R, et al. Automatic detection of oil spills in ERS SAR images. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens. 1999;37(4):1919–1924.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novak LM, Sechtin MB, Cardullo MJ. Studies of target detection algorithms that use polarimetric radar data. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst. 1989;25(2):150–165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solberg R, Theophilopoulos N. ENVISYS – a solution for automatic oil spill detection in the mediterranean. Fourth Thematic Conference on Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments; Copenhagen, Denmark. Vol. 1. ERIM; 1997. p. 3–12.
   Google Scholar
• Ziemke T. Neural networks for computer vision applications. Pattern Recognit Lett. 1996;17(4):319–334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farte FD, Petrocchi A, Lichtenegger J, et al. Neural networks for oil spill detection using ERS-SAR data. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens. 2000;38(5):2282–2287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubat M, Holte RC, Matwín S. Machine learning for the detection of oil spills in satellite radar images. Mach Learn. 1998;3(2):195–215.
   Google Scholar
• Alpers W, Holt B, Zeng K. Oil spill detection by imaging radars: challenges and pitfalls. Remote Sens Environ. 2017;201:133–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aakash AB, Sankaran K. Transcending limits: recent trends & challenges in computational electromagnetics. IEEE-INAE Workshop on electromagnetics IIWE. Trivandrum: Indian National Academy of Engineering; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Migliaccio M, Nunziata F, Buono A. Sar polarimetry for sea oil slick observation. Int J Remote Sens. 2015;36:3243–3273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minchew B, Jones CE, Holt B. Polarimetric analysis of backscatter from the deepwater horizon oil spill using l-band synthetic aperture radar. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens. 2012;50(10):3812–3830.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minchew B. Determining the mixing of oil and sea water using polarimetric synthetic aperture radar. Geophys Res Lett. 2012;39(16):L16607.
   Google Scholar
• Vachon P, Geudtner D, Gray A, et al. ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar repeat-pass interferometry studies: implications for radarsat. Can J Remote Sens. 1995;21(4):441–454.
   Google Scholar
• Holt B, Hilland J. Rapid-repeat SAR imaging of the ocean surface: are daily observations possible? Johns Hopkins APL Tech Dig. 2000;21(1):162–169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar