27
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Low sidelobe cosecant-squared pattern time-modulated antenna array with harmonic suppression

&
Pages 1347-1359 | Received 16 Mar 2024, Accepted 15 Jun 2024, Published online: 01 Jul 2024

References

  • Sallam T, Attiya A. Low sidelobe cosecant-squared pattern synthesis for large planar array using genetic algorithm. Prog Electromag Res M. 2020;93:23–34. doi:10.2528/PIERM20042005
  • Kaboutari K, Zabihi A, Virdee B, et al. Microstrip patch antenna array with cosecant-squared radiation pattern profile. AEU-Int J Electron Commun. Jul. 2019;106:82–88. doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2019.05.003
  • Skolnik M. Introduction to radar systems. Tokyo: McGraw-Hill; 1981.
  • Geerarts JME, Theis G, Smolders AB, et al. Constrained deterministic synthesis of conformal supershaped antenna arrays. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag. Nov. 2023;71(11):8726–8738. doi:10.1109/TAP.2023.3310297
  • Shanks HE, Bickmore RW. Four-dimensional electromagnetic radiators. Canad J Phys. 1959;37:263–275. doi:10.1139/p59-031
  • Haupt RL. Antenna arrays in the time domain: an introduction to timed arrays. IEEE Antennas Propag Mag. 2017;59(3):33–41. doi:10.1109/MAP.2017.2686082
  • Varma DS, Ram G, Kumar GA. Time-modulated arrays: a review. IETE Tech Rev. 2023;40(1):136–151. doi:10.1080/02564602.2022.2055669
  • Maneiro-Catoira R, Brégains J, García-Naya JA, et al. Time modulated arrays: from their origin to their utilization in wireless communication systems. Sensors. 2017;17(3):590. doi:10.3390/s17030590
  • Rocca P, Yang F, Poli L, et al. Time-modulated array antennas–theory, techniques, and applications. J Electromagn Waves Appl. 2019;33(12):1503–1531. doi:10.1080/09205071.2019.1627251
  • Yao A-M, Wu W, Fang D-G. Single-sideband time-modulated phased array. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag. May 2015;63(5):1957–1968. doi:10.1109/TAP.2015.2406890
  • Zeng Q, Yang P, Yin L, et al. Phase modulation technique for harmonic beamforming in time-modulated arrays. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag. March 2022;70(3):1976–1988. doi:10.1109/TAP.2021.3118736
  • Bregains JC, Fondevila-Gomez J, Franceschetti G, et al. Signal radiation and power losses of time-modulated arrays. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag. 2008;56(6):1799–1804. doi:10.1109/TAP.2008.923345
  • Yang S, Gan YB, Tan PK. Evaluation of directivity and gain for time-modulated linear antenna arrays. Microw Opt Technol Lett. 2004;42(2):167–171. doi:10.1002/mop.20241
  • Yang S, Gan YB, Qing A, et al. Design of a NSDE amplitude time modulated linear array with optimized time sequences. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag. 2005;53(7):2337–2339. doi:10.1109/TAP.2005.850765
  • Yang S, Gan YB, Qing A, et al. Design of a uniform amplitude time modulated linear array with optimized time sequences. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag. Jul. 2005;53(7):2337–2339. doi:10.1109/TAP.2005.850765
  • Qing A, Zhang C. Suppression of sidelobe level and sideband of time-modulated linear antenna arrays by using NSDE. In: Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Antennas Propag. USNC/URSI Nat. Radio Sci. Meeting; Jul. 2017. p. 143–144.
  • Yang S, Gan YB, Qing A. Sideband suppression in time-modulated linear arrays by the differential evolution algorithm. IEEE Antennas Wirel Propag Lett. 2002;1(1):173–175. doi:10.1109/LAWP.2002.807789
  • Poli L, Rocca P, Manica L, et al. Handling sideband radiations in time-modulated arrays through particle swarm optimization. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag. 2010;58(4):1408–1411. doi:10.1109/TAP.2010.2041165
  • Fondevila J, Bregains JC, Ares F, et al. Application of time modulation in the synthesis of sum and difference patterns by using linear arrays. Microwave Opt Technol Lett. 2006;48(5):829–832. doi:10.1002/mop.21489
  • Nakanishi T, Kihira K, Takahashi T, et al. Sideband suppression using switched phase distribution in time-modulated array antennas. In: 2013 IEEE International Symposium on phased array systems and technology; 2013. p. 521–528.
  • Li G, Yang S, Huang M, et al. Sidelobe suppression in time modulated linear arrays with unequal element spacing. J. Electromagn Waves Appl. 2010;24(5-6):775–783. doi:10.1163/156939310791036368
  • Poli L, Rocca P, Manica L, et al. Pattern synthesis in time-modulated linear arrays through pulse shifting. IET Microw Antennas Propag. 2010;4(9):1157–1164. doi:10.1049/iet-map.2009.0042
  • Aksoy E, Afacan E. Sideband level suppression improvement via splitting pulses in time modulated arrays under static fundamental radiation. In: PIERS Proceedings, Suzhou, China; 2011. p. 364–367.
  • Yang F, Yang S, Chen Y, et al. An effective hybrid approach for the synthesis of pencil beams and shaped beams through 4D linear antenna arrays with constrained DRR. J Electromagn Waves Appl. 2019;33(5):584–600. doi:10.1080/09205071.2018.1564704
  • Hei YQ, Ma LY, Li WT, et al. Effective artificial neural network framework for time-modulated arrays synthesis. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag. Oct. 2023;71(10):7728–7740. doi:10.1109/TAP.2023.3303464
  • Zhu Q, Yang S, Zheng L, et al. Design of a low sidelobe time modulated linear array with uniform amplitude and sub-sectional optimized time steps. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag. 2012;60(9):4436–4439. doi:10.1109/TAP.2012.2207082
  • Aksoy E, Afacan E. Sideband level suppression improvement via splitting pulses in time modulated arrays under static fundamental radiation. Prog Electromagn Res Symp. 2011;2:364–367.
  • Chakraborty A, Ram G, Mandal D. Optimal pulse shifting in timed antenna array for simultaneous reduction of sidelobe and sideband level. IEEE Access. 2020;8:131063–131075. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3010047
  • Holland JH. Genetic algorithms. Sci Am. July 1992;267(1):66–72.
  • Goldberg DE. Genetic algorithms in search, optimization, and machine learning. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley; 1989.
  • Haupt RL, Haupt SE. Practical genetic algorithms. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2004.
  • Haupt RL, Werner D. Genetic algorithms in electromagnetics. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2007.
  • Sallam T, Attiya AM. Different array synthesis techniques for planar antenna array. Appl Comput Electromagn Soc J. 2019;34(5):716–723.
  • You P, Liu Y, Xu KD, et al. Generalisation of genetic algorithm and fast Fourier transform for synthesising unequally spaced linear array shaped pattern including coupling effects. IET Microw Antennas Propag. 2017;11(6):827–832. doi:10.1049/iet-map.2016.0773
  • Boeringer DW, Werner DH. Particle swarm optimization versus genetic algorithms for phased array synthesis. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag. 2004;52(3):771–779. doi:10.1109/TAP.2004.825102

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.