Grade retention and its association with school misconduct in adolescence: a multilevel approach

References

• Alexander , K.L. , Entwisle , D.R. and Dauber , S.L. 1994 . On the success of failure. A reassessment of the effects of retention in the primary grades , Cambridge , , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Barone , C. , Weissberg , R.P. , Kasprow , W.J. , Voyce , C.K. , Arthur , M.W. and Shriver , T.P. 1995 . Involvement in multiple problem behaviors of young urban adolescents . The Journal of Primary Prevention , 15 : 261 – 283 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonvin , P. , Bless , G. and Schuepbach , M. 2008 . Grade retention: Decision-making and effects on learning as well as social and emotional development . School Effectiveness and School Improvement , 19 : 1 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman , L.J. 2005 . Grade retention: Is it a help or hindrance to student academic success? . Preventing School Failure , 49 : 42 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Byrd , R.S. , Weitzman , M. and Auinger , P. 1997 . Increased behavior problems associated with delayed school entry and delayed school progress . Pediatrics , 100 : 654 – 661 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosnoe , R. 2002 . High school curriculum track, and adolescent association with delinquent friends . Journal of Adolescent Research , 17 : 143 – 167 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosnoe , R. , Erickson , K.G. and Dornbusch , S.M. 2002 . Protective functions of family relationships and school factors on the deviant behavior of adolescent boys and girls. Reducing the impact of risky friendships . Youth & Society , 33 : 515 – 544 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demanet , J. and Van Houtte , M. 2011 . Social-ethnic school composition and school misconduct: Does sense of futility clarify the picture? . Sociological Spectrum , 31 : 224 – 256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demanet , J. and Van Houtte , M. 2012 . Teachers' attitudes and students' opposition. School misconduct as a reaction to teachers' diminished effort and affect . Teaching and Teacher Education , 28 : 860 – 869 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehmke , T. , Drechsel , B. and Carstensen , C.H. 2010 . Effects of grade retention on achievement and self-concept in science and mathematics . Studies in Educational Evaluation , 36 : 27 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Eitle , D. and Eitle , T.M. 2003 . Segregation and school violence . Social Forces , 82 : 589 – 616 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erikson , R. , Goldthorpe , J.H. and Portocarero , L. 1979 . Intergenerational class mobility in 3 Western European societies – England, France and Sweden . British Journal of Sociology , 30 : 415 – 441 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festinger , L.A. 1954 . A theory of social comparison processes . Human Relations , 7 : 117 – 140 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finlayson , H.J. 1977 . Non-promotion and self-concept development . Phi Delta Kappan , 59 : 205 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost , M.B. 2007 . Texas students' college expectations: Does high school racial composition matter? . Sociology of Education , 80 : 43 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottfredson , D.C. , Fink , C.M. and Graham , N. 1994 . Grade retention and problem behavior . American Educational Research Journal , 31 : 761 – 784 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes , C.T. 1989 . “ Grade level retention effects: A meta-analysis of research studies ” . In Flunking grades: Research and policies on retention , Edited by: Shepard , L.A. and Smith , M.L. 16 – 33 . London , , UK : Falmer Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hong , G. and Raudenbush , S.W. 2005 . Effects of Kindergarten retention policy on children's cognitive growth in reading and mathematics . Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis , 27 : 205 – 224 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong , G. and Raudenbush , S.W. 2006 . Evaluating Kindergarten retention policy: A case study of causal inference for multilevel observational data . Journal of the American Statistical Association , 101 : 901 – 910 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong , G. and Yu , B. 2008 . Effects of Kindergarten retention on children's social-emotional development: An application of propensity score method to multivariate, multilevel data . Developmental Psychology , 44 : 407 – 421 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huisman , M. 1999 . “ Imputation of missing item responses: some simple techniques ” . In Item nonresponse: Occurence, causes, and imputation of missing answers to test items , Edited by: Huisman , M. 91 – 119 . Leiden , , The Netherlands : DSWO Press, Leiden University .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , G.B. 1975 . Research evidence on effects of grade retention . Review of Educational Research , 45 : 613 – 635 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimerson , S. , Carlson , E. , Rotert , M. , Egeland , B. and Sroufe , L.A. 1997 . A prospective, longitudinal study of the correlates and consequences of early grade retention . Journal of School Psychology , 35 : 3 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimerson , S.R. 2001 . Meta-analysis of grade retention research: Implications for practice in the 21st century . School Psychology Review , 30 : 420 – 437 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimerson , S.R. , Anderson , G.E. and Whipple , A.D. 2002 . Winning the battle and losing the war: Examining the relation between grade retention and dropping out of high school . Psychology in the Schools , 39 : 441 – 457 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimerson , S.R. and Ferguson , P. 2007 . A longitudinal study of grade retention: Academic and behavioral outcomes of retained students through adolescence . School Psychology Quarterly , 22 : 314 – 339 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juchtmans , G. , Belfi , B. , De Fraine , B. , Goos , M. , Knipprath , H. , Vandenbroucke , A. and Verbeeck , B. 2011 . Samen tot aan de meet. Alternatieven voor zittenblijven [Together until the end. Alternatives for retention] , Antwerpen , , Belgium : Garant .
   Google Scholar
• Karweit , N.L. 1999 . Grade retention: Prevalence, timing, and effects (Report No. 33) , Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University, Center for Research on the Education of Students Placed at Risk .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , V.E. and Burkam , D.T. 2003 . Dropping out of high school: The role of school organization and structure . American Educational Research Journal , 40 : 353 – 393 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long , J.S. 1997 . Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables , Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Lorence , J. 2006 . Retention and academic achievement research revisited from a United States perspective . International Educational Journal , 7 : 731 – 777 .
   Google Scholar
• Lorence , J. and Dworkin , A.G. 2006 . Elementary grade retention in Texas and reading achievement among racial groups: 1994–2002 . Review of Policy Research , 23 : 999 – 1033 .
   Google Scholar
• McCoy , A.R. and Reynolds , A.J. 1999 . Grade retention and school performance: An extended investigation . Journal of School Psychology , 37 : 273 – 298 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meisels , S.J. and Liaw , F.R. 1993 . Failure in grade. Do retained students catch up? . Journal of Educational Research , 87 : 69 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opdenakker , M.-C. and Van Damme , J. 1997 . Centreren in multilevelanalyse: Implicaties van twee centreringsmethoden voor het bestuderen van schooleffectiviteit [Centering in multilevel analysis: Implications for two methods of centering for examining school effectiveness] . Tijdschrift voor Onderwijsresearch , 22 : 264 – 290 .
   Google Scholar
• Pagani , L. , Tremblay , R.E. , Vitaro , F. , Boulerice , B. and McDuff , P. 2001 . Effects of grade retention on academic performance and behavioral development . Development and Psychopathology , 13 : 297 – 315 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson , S.E. , Degracie , J.S. and Ayabe , C.R. 1987 . A longitudinal study of the effects of retention/promotion on academic achievement . American Educational Research Journal , 24 : 107 – 118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raudenbush , S.W. and Bryk , A.S. 2002 . Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods , London , , UK : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Richer , S. 1976 . Reference group theory and ability grouping: A convergence of sociological theory and educational research . Sociology of Education , 49 : 65 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roeser , R.W. and Eccles , J.S. 1998 . Adolescents' perceptions of middle school: Relation to longitudinal changes in academic and psychological adjustment . Journal of Research on Adolescence , 8 : 123 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , M. , Schooler , C. and Schoenbach , C. 1989 . Self-esteem and adolescent problems: Modeling reciprocal effects . American Sociological Review , 54 : 1004 – 1018 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , D.B. 1986 . Comment: Which ifs have causal answers . Journal of the American Statistical Association , 81 : 961 – 962 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepard , L.A. and Smith , M.L. 1988 . Escalating academic demand in Kindergarten: Counterproductive policies . The Elementary School Journal , 89 : 135 – 145 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepard , L.A. and Smith , M.L. 1990 . Synthesis of research on grade retention . Educational Leadership , 47 : 84 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stearns , E. , Moller , S. , Blau , J. and Potochnick , S. 2007 . Staying back and dropping out: The relationship between grade retention and school dropout . Sociology of Education , 80 : 210 – 240 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens , P.A.J. 2007 . Exploring the importance of teachers' institutional structure on the development of teachers' standards of assessment in Belgium . Sociology of Education , 80 : 314 – 329 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , E.A. 2003 . School social bonds, school climate, and school misbehavior: A multilevel analysis . Justice Quarterly , 20 : 575 – 604 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stretesky , P.B. and Hogan , M.J. 2005 . Segregation and school disorder . Social Science Journal , 42 : 405 – 420 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmerman , C. , Hermans , P. and Hoornaert , J. 2002 . Allochtone jongeren in het onderwijs: Een multidisciplinair perspectief [Migrant youngsters in education: A multidisciplinary perspective] , Leuven , , Belgium : Garant .
   Google Scholar
• Trautwein , U. , Lüdtke , O. , Marsh , H. W. , Köller , O. and Baumert , J. 2006 . Tracking, grading, and student motivation: Using group composition and status to predict self-concept and interest in ninth-grade mathematics . Journal of Educational Psychology , 98 : 788 – 806 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tygart , C.E. 1988 . Strain theory and public school vandalism. Academic tracking, school social status, and students' academic achievement . Youth and Society , 20 : 106 – 118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Houtte , M. , Demanet , J. and Stevens , P.A.J. 2012 . Self-esteem of academic and vocational students: Does within-school tracking sharpen the difference? . Acta Sociologica , 55 : 73 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Houtte , M. and Stevens , P.A.J. 2008 . Sense of futility: The missing link between track position and self-reported school misconduct . Youth and Society , 40 : 245 – 264 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Houtte , M. , Stevens , P.A.J. , Sels , A. , Soens , K. and Van Rossem , R. 2005 . De invloed van structurele en compositorische schoolkenmerken op prestaties en welbevinden van leerlingen in het secundair onderwijs: een verklaring via cultuur [The influence of structural and compositional school features on achievement and well-being of students in secondary education: an explanation through culture]. Unpublished first research report , Gent , , Belgium : Vakgroep sociologie, onderzoeksgroep jeugd, onderwijs en gender, Universiteit Gent .
   Google Scholar
• Van Petegem , P. and Schuermans , G. 2005 . Zittenblijven in Vlaanderen. De relatie tussen dubbelen in het secundair onderwijs en de schoolloopbaan in het hoger onderwijs [Retention in Flanders: The relation between secondary school retention and the educational career in higher education] . Impuls , 36 : 3 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Wu , W. , West , S.G. and Hughes , J.N. 2010 . Effect of grade retention in first grade on psychosocial outcomes . Journal of Educational Psychology , 102 : 135 – 152 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar