Stability and Consistency in Secondary Schools’ Effects on Students’ GCSE Outcomes over Three YearsFootnote∗

∗Work on this paper was supported by Grant Numbers R000234130 and H53627504395 from the UK Economic and Social Science Research Council

REFERENCES

• Bosker , R. J. and Scheerens , J. 1989 . Issues in the interpretation of the results of school effectiveness research, Chapter 4 . International Journal of Educational Research , 13 : 741 – 751 .
   Google Scholar
• Bosker , R. J. and Scheerens , J. 1994 . “ Alternative models of school effectiveness put to the test ” . In Conceptual and methodological advances in educational effectiveness research [Special issue] , International Journal of Educational Research Edited by: Bosker , R. J. , Creemers , B. P. M. and Scheerens , J. Vol. 21 , 159 – 180 .
   Google Scholar
• Cuttance , P. 1987 . Modelling variation in the effectiveness of schooling , Edinburgh : CES .
   Google Scholar
• Fitz‐Gibbon , C. T. 1991 . “ Multilevel modelling in an indicator system ” . In Schools, classrooms and pupils international studies of schooling from a multilevel perspective , Edited by: Raudenbush , S. W. and Willms , J. D. San Diego : Academic Press . (Chapter 6).
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein , H. 1995 . Multilevel statistical models , (2nd Ed.). , London : Edward Arnold . & New York: Halsted Press
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein , H. , Rasbash , J. , Yang , M. , Woodhouse , G. , Pan , H. , Nuttall , D. and Thomas , S. 1993 . A multilevel analysis of school examination results . Oxford Review of Education , 19 : 425 – 433 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein , H. and Sammons , P. 1997 . The influence of secondary and junior schools on sixteen year examination performance: A cross‐classified multilevel analysis . School Effectiveness and School Improvement , 8 : 219 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein , H. and Thomas , S. 1996 . Using examination results as indicators of school and college performance . Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A , 159 : 149 – 163 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , J. , Goldstein , H. and Jesson , D. 1996 . Changes and improvements in schools’ effectiveness: Trends over five years . Research Papers in Education , 11 : 35 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , J. , Jesson , D. , Goldstein , H. , Hedger , K. and Rasbash , J. A multi‐level analysis of school improvement: Changes in schools’ performance over time . Paper presented at the 5th European Conference of the European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction . September 3 , Aix‐en‐Provence, France.
   Google Scholar
• Jesson , D. and Gray , J. 1991 . Slants on slopes: Using multi‐level models to investigate differential school effectiveness and its impact on pupils’ examination results . School Effectiveness and School Improvement , 2 : 230 – 271 .
   Google Scholar
• Luyten , H. Stability of school effects in secondary education: The impact of variance across subjects and years . Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association . April 4‐8 , New Orleans.
   Google Scholar
• Mortimore , P. , Sammons , P. and Thomas , S. 1994 . School effectiveness and value added measures . Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice , 1 : 315 – 332 .
   Google Scholar
• Nuttall , D. , Goldstein , H. , Prosser , R. and Rasbash , J. 1989 . Differential school effectiveness . International Journal of Educational Research , 13 : 769 – 776 .
   Google Scholar
• Nuttall , D. , Thomas , S. and Goldstein , H. 1992 . Report on analysis of 1990 examination results , London : Association of Metropolitan Authorities .
   Google Scholar
• Paterson , L. and Goldstein , H. 1991 . New statistical methods of analysing social structures: An introduction to multilevel models . British Educational Research Journal , 17 : 387 – 393 .
   Google Scholar
• Raudenbush , S. W. 1989 . The analysis of longitudinal, multilevel data . International Journal of Educational Research , 13 : 721 – 740 .
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds , D. 1976 . “ The delinquent school ” . In The process of schooling , Edited by: Woods , P. London : Routledge & Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Roeleveld , J. and Jong , U. de . 1989 . “ Evaluating effectiveness of secondary schools in the Netherlands: models and stability ” . In School effectiveness and school improvement , Proceedings of the second international congress, Rotterdam Edited by: Creemers , B. P. M. and Reynolds , D. Lisse : Swets & Zeitlinger .
   Google Scholar
• Rutter , M. , Maughan , B. , Mortimore , P. and Ouston , J. 1979 . Fifteen thousand hours: Secondary schools and their effects on children , London : Open Books .
   Google Scholar
• Sammons , P. 1995 . Gender, ethnic and socio‐economic differences in attainment and progress: A longitudinal analysis of student achievement over nine years . British Educational Research Journal , 21 : 465 – 485 .
   Google Scholar
• Sammons , P. , Mortimore , P. and Thomas , S. 1996 . “ Do schools perform consistently across outcomes and areas? ” . In Merging traditions: The future of research on school effectiveness and school improvement , Edited by: Gray , J. , Reynolds , D. , Fitz‐Gibbon , C. and Jesson , D. London : Cassells .
   Google Scholar
• Sammons , P. , Thomas , S. and Mortimore , P. 1995 . ESRC end of award report ‐ differential school effectiveness: Departmental variations in GCSE attainment , London : Institute of Education, University of London .
   Google Scholar
• Sammons , P. , Thomas , S. , Mortimore , P. , Cairns , R. , Bausor , J. and Walker , A. Understanding school and departmental differences in academic effectiveness: Findings from case studies of selected outlier secondary schools in inner London . Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Congress of School Effectiveness and Improvement . January 3‐6 1995 , Leeuwarden, the Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Sammons , P. , Thomas , S. , Mortimore , P. , Owen , C. and Pennell , H. 1994 . Assessing school effectiveness: Developing measures to put school performance in context , London : Office for Standards in Education [OFSTED] .
   Google Scholar
• Scheerens , J. 1992 . Effective schooling research, theory and practice , London : Cassell .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , D. J. and Tomlinson , S. 1989 . The school effect: A study of multi‐racial compre‐hensives , London : Policy Studies Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , S. 1995 . Optimal multilevel models of school effectiveness comparative analyses across regions , London : Institute of Education, University of London . ESRC Fellowship Proposal.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , S. and Mortimore , P. 1996 . Comparison of value added models for secondary school effectiveness . Research Papers in Education , 11 : 5 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , S. , Nuttall , D. and Goldstein , H. June 1993 1993 . Report on analysis of 1991 examination results , June 1993 , London : Association of Metropolitan Authorities .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , S. , Pan , H. and Goldstein , H. June 1994 1994 . Report on analysis of 1992 examination results , June 1994 , London : Association of Metropolitan Authorities .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , S. , Sammons , P. and Mortimore , P. Stability and consistency in secondary schools’ effects on students’ GCSE outcomes . Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the British Educational Research Association . September 9 1994 . St Anne's College, University of Oxford .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , S. , Sammons , P. , Mortimore , P. and Smees , R. Differential secondary school effectiveness: Examining the size, extent and consistency of school and departmental effects on GCSE outcomes for different groups of students over three years . Paper presented at the European Conference on Educational Research/British Educational Research Association annual conference . September 14‐17 1995 . University of Bath .
   Google Scholar
• Willms , J. D. 1986 . Social class segregation and its relationship to pupils’ examination results in Scotland . American Sociological Review , 51 : 224 – 241 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willms , J. D. 1987 . Differences between Scottish education authorities in their examination attainment . Oxford Review of Education , 13 : 211 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willms , J. D. and Raudenbush , S. W. 1989 . A longitudinal hierarchical linear model for estimating school effects and their stability . Journal of Educational Measurement , 26 : 209 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witziers , B. Coordination in secondary schools and its implications for student achievement . Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association . April 4‐8 , New Orleans.
   Google Scholar