Neural Progenitor Cells Lack Immunogenicity and Resist Destruction as Allografts

REFERENCES

• Medawar P. Immunity to homologous grafted skin, III: the fate of skin homografts transplanted to the brain, to subcutaneous tissue, and to the anterior chamber of the eye. Br J Exp Pathol 1948; 29: 58–69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hori J, Joyce N C, Streilein J W. Immune privilege and immunogenicity reside among different layers of the mouse cornea. Invest Ophtalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41: 3032–3042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellgrau D, Gold D, Selawry H, et al. A role for CD95 ligand in preventing graft rejection. Nature 1995; 377: 630–632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenkel H, Streilein J W, Young M J. Systemic immune deviation in the brain that does not depend on the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. J Immunol 2000; 164: 5125–5131
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jiang L Q, Jorquera M, Streilein J W. Subretinal space and vitreous cavity as immunologically privileged sites for retinal allografts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993; 34: 3347–3354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenkel H, Chen P W, Ksander B R, et al. Immune privilege is extended, then withdrawn, from allogeneic tumor cell grafts placed in the subretinal space. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999; 40: 3202–3208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gage F H, Ray J, Fisher L J. Isolation, characterization, and use of stem cells from the CNS. Annu Rev Neurosci 1995; 18: 159–192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yandava B D, Billinghurst L L, Snyder E Y. “Global” cell replacement is feasible via neural stem cell transplantation: evidence from the dysmyelinated shiverer mouse brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 7029–7034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young M J, Ray J, Whiteley S J, et al. Integration of transplanted neural progenitor cells into the retina of immature and mature dystrophic rats. Mol Cell Neurosci 2000; 16: 197–205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reece-Smith H, Du Toit D F, McShane P, et al. Prolonged survival of pancreatic islet allografts transplanted beneath the renal capsule. Transplantation 1981; 31: 305–306
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Okabe M, Ikawa M, Kominami K, et al. ‘Green mice’ as a source of ubiquitous green cells. FEBS Lett 1997; 407: 313–319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shatos M A, Mizumoto K, Mizumoto H, et al. Multipotent stem cells from the brain and retina of green mice. e-biomed: J Regen Med 2001; 2–2001: 13–15
   Google Scholar
• Hori J, Joyce N, Streilein J W. Epithelium-deficient corneal allografts display immune privilege beneath the kidney capsule. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41: 443–452
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wenkel H, Streilein J W. Evidence that retinal pigment epithelium functions as an immune-privileged tissue. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41: 3467–3473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjornson C R, Rietze R L, Reynolds B A, et al. Turning brain into blood: a hematopoietic fate adopted by adult neural stem cells in vivo. Science 1999; 283: 534–537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grenier Y, Ruijs T C, Robitaille Y, et al. Immunohistochemical studies of adult human glial cells. J Neuroimmunol 1989; 21: 103–115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skias D D, Kim D K, Reder A T, et al. Susceptibility of astrocytes to class I MHC antigen-specific cytotoxicity. J Immunol 1987; 138: 3254–3258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panek R B, Lee Y J, Itoh-Lindstrom Y, et al. Characterization of astrocyte nuclear proteins involved in IFN-gamma- and TNF-alpha-mediated class II MHC gene expression. J Immunol 1994; 153: 4555–4564
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dong Y, Rohn W M, Benveniste E N. IFN-gamma regulation of the type IV class II transactivator promoter in astrocytes. J Immunol 1999; 162: 4731–4739
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frank E, Pulver M, de Tribolet N. Expression of class II major histocompatibility antigens on reactive astrocytes and endothelial cells within the gliosis surrounding metastases and abscesses. J Neuroimmunol 1986; 12: 29–36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hailer N P, Glomsda B, Blaheta R A. Astrocytic factors downregulate the expression of major histocompatibility complex-class-II and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on human monocytes. Neurosci Lett 2001; 298: 33–36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams K, Jr, Ulvestad E, Cragg L, et al. Induction of primary T cell responses by human glial cells. J Neurosci Res 1993; 36: 382–390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwitz M S, Evans C F, Klier F G, et al. Detailed in vivo analysis of interferon-gamma induced major histocompatibility complex expression in the the central nervous system: astrocytes fail to express major histocompatibility complex class I and II molecules. Lab Invest 1999; 79: 235–242
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huh G S, Boulanger L M, Du H, et al. Functional requirement for class I MHC in CNS development and plasticity. Science 2000; 290: 2155–2159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma N, Streilein J W. Contribution of microglia as passenger leukocytes to the fate of intraocular neuronal retinal grafts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998; 39: 2384–2393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson J A, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Shapiro S S, et al. Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science 1998; 282: 1145–1147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamblott M J, Axelman J, Wang S, et al. Derivation of pluripotent stem cells from cultured human primordial germ cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 13726–13731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke D L, Johansson C B, Wilbertz J, et al. Generalized potential of adult neural stem cells. Science 2000; 288: 1660–1663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagasse E, Connors H, Al-Dhalimy M, et al. Purified hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate into hepatocytes in vivo. Nat Med 2000; 6: 1229–1234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madrazo I, Leon V, Torres C, et al. Transplantation of fetal substantia nigra and adrenal medulla to the caudate nucleus in two patients with Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freed C R, Greene P E, Breeze R E, et al. Transplantation of embryonic dopamine neurons for severe Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 710–719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagell P, Schrag A, Piccini P, et al. Sequential bilateral transplantation in Parkinson's disease: effects of the second graft. Brain 1999; 122: 1121–1132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar