REFERENCES
- Suttorp-Schulten MS, Rothova A. The possible impact of uveitis in blindness: a literature survey. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996;80:844–848.
- Nussenblatt RB. The natural history of uveitis. Int Ophthalmol. 1990;14:303–308.
- Javitt JC. Universal coverage and preventable blindness. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994;112:453.
- Rothova A, Suttorp-van Schulten MS, Frits Treffers W, et al. Causes and frequency of blindness in patients with intraocular inflammatory disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996;80:332–336.
- US Population-based studies. Annual Report 1993. New York: US Government; 1993.
- US Population-based studies. Annual Report 1994. New York: US Government; 1994.
- Darrell RW, Wagener HP, Kurland LT. Epidemiology of uveitis. Incidence and prevalence in a small urban community. Arch Ophthalmol. 1962;68:502–514.
- Tran VT, Auer C, Guex-Crosier Y, et al. Epidemiology of uveitis in Switzerland. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 1994;2:169–176.
- Baarsma G. The epidemiology and genetics of endogenous uveitis: a review. Curr Eye Res. 1992;I:1–9.
- Miettinen R. Incidence of uveitis in Northern Finland. Acta Ophthalmol. 1977;2:252–260.
- Mortensen KK, Sjølie AK, E. Goldschmidt Uveitis. Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges 1981;78:97–101.
- Rathinam SR, Namperumalsamy P. Global variation and pattern changes in epidemiology of uveitis. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2007;55:173–183.
- McCannel C a, GN Holland, CJ Helm, et al. Causes of uveitis in the general practice of ophthalmology. UCLA community-based uveitis study group. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996;121:35–46.
- Jakob E, Reuland MS, Mackensen F, et al. Uveitis subtypes in a German interdisciplinary uveitis center – analysis of 1916 patients. J Rheumatol. 2009;36:127–136.
- Gregoire M-A, Kodjikian L, Varron L, et al. Characteristics of uveitis presenting for the first time in the elderly: analysis of 91 patients in a tertiary center. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2011;19:219–226.
- Brewerton DA, Caffrey M, Nicholls A, et al. Acute anterior uveitis and HL-A 27. Lancet. 1973;302:994–996.
- Brewerton DA, Hart FD, Nicholls A, et al. Ankylosing spondylitis and HL-A 27. Lancet. 1973;301:904–907.
- Brewerton DA, Nicholls A, Caffrey M, et al. HL-A 27 and arthropathies associated with ulcerative colitis and psoriasis. Lancet. 1974;303:956–958.
- Brewerton DA, Nicholls A, Oates JK, et al. Reiter’s disease and HL-A 27. Lancet. 1973;302:996–998.
- Bowness P. HLA-B27. Annu Rev Immunol. 2015;33:29–48.
- Bhatia K, Prasad ML, Barnish G, et al. Antigen and haplotype frequencies at three human leucocyte antigen loci (HLA-A, -B, -C) in the Pawaia of Papua New Guinea. Am J Phys Anthr. 1988;75:329–340.
- Gofton JP, Chalmers A, Price GE, et al. HL-A 27 and ankylosing spondylitis in B.C. Indians. J Rheumatol. 1984;11:572–573.
- Erdesz S, S V Shubin, Shoch BP, et al. Spondyloarthropathies in circumpolar populations of Chukotka (Eskimos and Chukchi): epidemiology and clinical characteristics. J Rheumatol. 1994;21:1101–1104.
- Gran JT, Mellby AS, Husby G. The prevalence of HLA-B27 in northern Norway. Scand J Rheumatol. 1984;13:173–176.
- Bjelle A, Cedergren B, Dahlqvist SR. HLA B27 in the population of northern Sweden. Scand J Rheumatol. 1982;11:23–26.
- Ho H-H, Chen J-Y. Ankylosing spondylitis: Chinese perspective, clinical phenotypes, and associated extra-articular systemic features. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2013;15:344.
- Gran JT, Husby G. The epidemiology of ankylosing spondylitis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1993;22:319–334.
- Mustafa KN, Hammoudeh M, Khan MA. HLA-B27 Prevalence in Arab populations and among patients with ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol. 2012;39:1675–1677.
- Hukuda S, Minami M, Saito T, et al. Spondyloarthropathies in Japan: nationwide questionnaire survey performed by the Japan ankylosing spondylitis society. J Rheumatol. 2001;28:554–559.
- Khan MA. HLA-B27 and its subtypes in world populations. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1995;7:263–269.
- Reveille JD, Hirsch R, Dillon CF, et al. The prevalence of HLA-B27 in the US: data from the US national health and nutrition examination survey, 2009. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:1407–1411.
- Khan MA, Braun WE, Kushner I, et al. HLA B27 in ankylosing spondylitis: differences in frequency and relative risk in American Blacks and Caucasians. J Rheumatol. 1977;3:39–43.
- Khan MA. Race-related differences in HLA association with ankylosing spondylitis and Reiter’s disease in American blacks and whites. J Natl Med Assoc. 1978;70:41–42.
- Khan MA. Polymorphism of HLA-B27: 105 subtypes currently known. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2013;15:362.
- Blanco-Gelaz MA, López-Vázquez A, García-Fernández S, et al. Genetic variability, molecular evolution, and geographic diversity of HLA-B27. Hum Immunol. 2001;62:1042–1050.
- Khan MA, Mathieu A, Sorrentino R, et al. The pathogenetic role of HLA-B27 and its subtypes. Autoimmun Rev. 2007;6:183–189.
- Khan MA. Polymorphism of HLA-B27: 105 subtypes currently known. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2013;15:362.
- Reveille JD. Epidemiology of spondyloarthritis in North America. Am J Med Sci. 2011;341:284–286.
- Zeng QY, Chen R, Darmawan J, et al. Rheumatic diseases in China. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008;10:R17.
- Liao ZT, Pan YF, Huang JL, et al. An epidemiological survey of low back pain and axial spondyloarthritis in a Chinese Han population. Scand J Rheumatol. 2009;38:455–459.
- Khan MA. Update on spondyloarthropathies. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:896–907.
- Reveille JD. Genetics of spondyloarthritis – beyond the MHC. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2012;8:296–304.
- Leirlsalo-Repo M, Hannu T, Mattila L. Microbial factors in spondyloarthropathies: insights from population studies. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2003;15:408–412.
- Chang JH, McCluskey PJ, Wakefield D. Acute anterior uveitis and HLA-B27. Surv Ophthalmol. 2005;50:364–388.
- Hannu T. Reactive arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2011;25:347–357.
- Schiellerup P, Krogfelt KA, Locht H. A comparison of self-reported joint symptoms following infection with different enteric pathogens: effect of HLA-B27. J Rheumatol. 2008;35:480–487.
- Carter JD, Hudson AP. Reactive arthritis: clinical aspects and medical management. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2009;35:21–44.
- Sonkar GK, Usha. Role of HLA B27 in diagnosis of seronegative spondyloarthropathies. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2007;50:908–913.
- Zachariae H. Prevalence of joint disease in patients with psoriasis: implications for therapy. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4:441–447.
- Gelfand JM, Gladman DD, Mease PJ, et al. Epidemiology of psoriatic arthritis in the population of the United States. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53:573–577.
- Winchester R, Minevich G, Steshenko V, et al. HLA associations reveal genetic heterogeneity in psoriatic arthritis and in the psoriasis phenotype. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:1134–1144.
- Marsal S, Gallardo D, Martı M, et al. Clinical, radiographic and HLA associations as markers for different patterns of psoriatic arthritis. Rheumatology. 1999;38:332–337.
- Atzeni F, Defendenti C, Ditto MC, et al. Rheumatic manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13:20–23.
- Turkcapar N, Toruner M, Soykan I, et al. The prevalence of extraintestinal manifestations and HLA association in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Rheumatol Int. 2006;26:663–668.
- Khan MA, Khan MK. Diagnostic value of HLA-B27 testing ankylosing spondylitis and Reiter’s syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1982;96:70–76.
- Linssen A, Meenken C. Outcomes of HLA-B27-positive and HLA-B27-negative acute anterior uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1995;120:351–361.
- Tay-Kearney ML, Schwam BL, Lowder C, et al. Clinical features and associated systemic diseases of HLA-B27 uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996;121:47–56.
- Monnet D, Breban M, Hudry C, et al. Ophthalmic findings and frequency of extraocular manifestations in patients with HLA-B27 uveitis: a study of 175 cases. Ophthalmology. 2004;111:802–809.
- Power WJ, Rodriguez A, Pedroza-Seres M, et al. Outcomes in anterior uveitis associated with the HLA-B27 haplotype. Ophthalmology. 1998;105:1646–1651.
- Loh AR, Acharya NR. Incidence rates and risk factors for ocular complications and vision loss in HLA-B27-associated uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010;150:534–542.
- Rothova A, van Veenedaal WG, Linssen A, et al. Clinical features of acute anterior uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1987;103:137–145.
- Saari R, Lahti R, Saari KM, et al. Frequency of rheumatic diseases in patients with acute anterior uveitis. Scand J Rheumatol. 1982;11:121–123.
- Rosenbaum JT. Uveitis in spondyloarthritis including psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Rheumatol. 2015;34:999–1002.
- Rosenbaum JT. Characterization of uveitis associated with spondyloarthritis. J Rheumatol. 1989;16:792–796.
- Lyons JL, Rosenbaum JT. Uveitis associated with inflammatory bowel disease compared with uveitis associated with spondyloarthropathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115:61–64.
- Paiva E, Macaluso D, Edwards A, et al. Characterisation of uveitis in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2000;59:67–70.
- D’Alessandro LP, Forster DJ, Rao NA. Anterior uveitis and hypopyon. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;112:317–321.
- Canouï-Poitrine F, Lekpa FK, Farrenq V, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with uveitis in spondylarthritis patients in France: results from an observational survey. Arthritis Care Res. 2012;64:919–924.
- Chen C-H, Lin K-C, Chen H-A, et al. Association of acute anterior uveitis with disease activity, functional ability and physical mobility in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a cross-sectional study of Chinese patients in Taiwan. Clin Rheumatol. 2007;26:953–957.
- Essers I, Ramiro S, Stolwijk C, et al. Characteristics associated with the presence and development of extra-articular manifestations in ankylosing spondylitis: 12-year results from OASIS. Rheumatology. 2014;1–8.