Cytokine Profiles in Aqueous Humor and Plasma of HIV-infected Individuals with Ocular Syphilis or Cytomegalovirus Retinitis

REFERENCES

• Kaplan H, Niederkorn J. Regional immunity and immune privilege. In: Immune Response and the Eye. 2nd edn. Louisville, KY: Krager; 2007:11–26.
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS 2015. Global Report 2013. Available at: UNAIDS_Global_Report_2013_en.pdf. http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/epidemiology/2013/gr2013/UNAIDS_Global_Report_2013_en.pdf. Accessed October 22, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Vrabec TR. Posterior segment manifestations of HIV/AIDS. Surv Ophthalmol. 2004;49:131–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browning DJ. Posterior segment manifestations of active ocular syphilis, their response to a neurosyphilis regimen of penicillin therapy, and the influence of human immunodeficiency virus status on response. Ophthalmology. 2000;107:2015–2023.
   Google Scholar
• Ooi KG-J, Galatowicz G, Calder VL, et al. Cytokines and chemokines in uveitis: is there a correlation with clinical phenotype? Clin Med Res. 2006;4:294–309.
   Google Scholar
• Ooi KG-J, Galatowicz G, Towler HMA, et al. Multiplex cytokine detection versus ELISA for aqueous humor: IL-5, IL-10, and IFN gamma profiles in uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:272–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Kooij B, Rothova A, Rijkers GT, et al. Distinct cytokine and chemokine profiles in the aqueous of patients with uveitis and cystoid macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142:192–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuiper JJ, Mutis T, de Jager W, et al. Intraocular interleukin-17 and proinflammatory Cytokines in HLA-A29-associated birdshot chorioretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011;152:1777–1182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidovic Valentincic N, de Groot-Mijnes J, Kraut A, et al. Intraocular and serum cytokine profiles in patients with intermediate uveitis. Mol Vis. 2011;17:2003–2010.
   Google Scholar
• Schrier RD, Song M-K, Smith IL, et al. Intraocular viral and immune pathogenesis of immune recovery uveitis in patients with healed cytomegalovirus retinitis. Retina Phila PA. 2006;26:165–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyer JV, Connolly J, Agrawal R, et al. Cytokine analysis of aqueous humor in HIV patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis. Cytokine. 2013;64:541–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyer JV, Agrawal R, Yeo TK, et al. Aqueous humor immune factors and cytomegalovirus (CMV) levels in CMV retinitis through treatment – the CRIGSS study. Cytokine. 2016;84:56–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knudsen A, Benfield T, Kofoed K. Cytokine expression during syphilis infection in HIV-1-infected individuals. Sex Transm Dis. 2009;36:300–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gariano RF, Rickman LS, Freeman WR. Ocular examination and diagnosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. West J Med. 1993;158:254–262.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jabs DA, Van Natta ML, Holbrook JT, et al. Longitudinal study of the ocular complications of AIDS: 1. Ocular diagnoses at enrollment. Ophthalmology. 2007;114:780–786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma RK, Rogojina AT, Chalam KV. Multiplex immunoassay analysis of biomarkers in clinically accessible quantities of human aqueous humor. Mol Vis. 2009;15:60–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storey J. A direct approach to false discovery rates. JR Stat Soc Ser A. 2002;64:479–498.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husson F, Sebastien L, Mazet J. FactoMineR: multivariate exploratory data analysis and data mining with R. R Package. 2013; Version 1.25.
   Google Scholar
• Zinkernagel MS, Chinnery HR, Ong ML, et al. Interferon γ-dependent migration of microglial cells in the retina after systemic cytomegalovirus infection. Am J Pathol. 2013;182:875–885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funnyé AS, Akhtar AJ. Syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection. J Natl Med Assoc. 2003;95:363–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Zhao B, Jiang R, et al. Cytokine expression profile in aqueous humor and sera of patients with acute anterior uveitis. Curr Mol Med. 2015;15:543–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao B, Chen W, Jiang R, et al. Expression profile of IL-1 family cytokines in aqueous humor and sera of patients with HLA-B27 associated anterior uveitis and idiopathic anterior uveitis. Exp Eye Res. 2015;138:80–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons RP, Scully EP, Groden EE, et al. HIV-1 infection induces strong production of IP-10 through TLR7/9-dependent pathways. AIDS. 2013;27:2505–2517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiksrud B, Lorvik KB, Kvale D, et al. Plasma IP-10 is increased in immunological nonresponders and associated with activated regulatory T cells and persisting low CD4 counts. J AIDS. 2016;73:138–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abu El-Asrar AM, Struyf S, Descamps FJ, et al. Chemokines and gelatinases in the aqueous humor of patients with active uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;138:401–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jost NH, Abel S, Hutzler M, et al. Regulatory T cells and T-cell-derived IL-10 interfere with effective anti-cytomegalovirus immune response. Immunol Cell Biol. 2014;92:860–871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan AS, Mehta JS, Al-Jajeh I, et al. Histological features of cytomegalovirus-related corneal graft infections, its associated features and clinical significance. Br J Ophthalmol. 2016;100:601–606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenkel H, Streilein JW. Analysis of immune deviation elicited by antigens injected into the subretinal space. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998;39:1823–1834.
   Google Scholar
• Scholz M, Doerr HW, Cinatl J. Human cytomegalovirus retinitis: pathogenicity, immune evasion and persistence. Trends Microbiol. 2003;11:171–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abe T, Sato M, Saigo Y, et al. Interferon gamma expression and clinical features in patients with acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2003;241:982–987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuaillon N, Shen DF, Berger RB, et al. MCP-1 expression in endotoxin-induced uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43:1493–1498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghasemi H, Ghazanfari T, Yaraee R, et al. Roles of IL-8 in ocular inflammations: a review. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2011;19:401–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C, Zhu L, Gao Z, et al. Increased interleukin-17 in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid of neurosyphilis patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8:e3004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilcek J, Feldmann M. Historical review: cytokines as therapeutics and targets of therapeutics. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2004;25:201–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Díaz-Llopis M, Salom D, Garcia-de-Vicuña C, et al. Treatment of refractory uveitis with adalimumab: a prospective multicenter study of 131 patients. Ophthalmology. 2012;119:1575–1581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modorati G, Miserocchi E. Intravitreal injection therapy in the treatment of noninfectious uveitis. Dev Ophthalmol. 2012;51:110–121.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farvardin M, Afarid M, Shahrzad S. Long-term effects of intravitreal infliximab for treatment of sight-threatening chronic noninfectious uveitis. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2012;28:628–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raja H, Snyder MR, Johnston PB, et al. Effect of intravitreal methotrexate and rituximab on interleukin-10 levels in aqueous humor of treated eyes with vitreoretinal lymphoma. PloS One. 2013;8:e65627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar