361
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Emerging Viral Infections Causing Anterior Uveitis

, , , &
Pages 219-228 | Received 03 Jun 2018, Accepted 17 Dec 2018, Published online: 22 Feb 2019

REFERENCES

  • Khairallah M, Kahloun R. Ocular manifestations of emerging infectious diseases. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2013;24(6):574–580. doi:10.1097/ICU.0b013e3283654e09.
  • Garg S, Jampol LM. Systemic and intraocular manifestations of West Nile virus infection. Surv Ophthalmol. 2005;50:3–13. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2004.10.001.
  • Gyure KA. West Nile virus infections. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2009;68:1053–1060. doi:10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181b88114.
  • Kuchtey RW, Kosmorsky G, Martin D, Lee MS. Uveitis associated with West Nile virus infection. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121:1648–1649. doi:10.1001/archopht.121.11.1648.
  • Khairallah M, Ben Yahia S, Ladjimi A, et al. Chorioretinal involvement in patients with West Nile virus infection. Ophthalmology. 2004;111:2065–2070. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.03.032.
  • Chan CK, Limstrom SA, Tarasewicz DG, Lin SG. Ocular features of west nile virus infection in North America: a study of 14 eyes. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:1539–1546. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.04.021.
  • Khairallah M, Ben Yahia S, Attia S, Zaouali S, Ladjimi A, Messaoud R. Linear pattern of West Nile virus-associated chorioretinitis is related to retinal nerve fibres organization. Eye. 2007;21:952–955. doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6702355.
  • Bains HS, Jampol LM, Caughron MC, Parnell JR. Vitritis and chorioretinitis in a patient with West Nile virus infection. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121:205–207.
  • Hershberger VS, Augsburger JJ, Hutchins RK, et al. Chorioretinal lesions in nonfatal cases of West Nile virus infection. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:1732–1736. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(03)00720-6.
  • Shaikh S, Trese MT. West Nile virus chorioretinitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88:1599–1600. doi:10.1136/bjo.2004.049460.
  • Myers JP, Leveque TK, Johnson MW. Extensive chorioretinitis and severe vision loss associated with West Nile virus meningoencephalitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123:1754–1756. doi:10.1001/archopht.123.12.1754.
  • Seth RK, Stoessel KM, Adelman RA. Choroidal neovascularization associated with West Nile virus chorioretinitis. Semin Ophthalmol. 2007;22:81–84. doi:10.1080/08820530701418375.
  • Kaiser PK, Lee MS, Martin DA. Occlusive vasculitis in a patient with concomitant West Nile virus infection. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;136:928–930.
  • Khairallah M, Ben Yahia S, Attia S, Jelliti B, Zaouali S, Ladjimi A. Severe ischemic maculopathy in a patient with West Nile virus infection. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging. 2006;37:240–242.
  • Anninger WV, Lomeo MD, Dingle J, Epstein AD, Lubow M. West Nile virus associated optic neuritis and chorioretinitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;136:1183–1185.
  • Connors DB, Shantha JG, Yeh S. Emerging causes of viral-associated uveitis. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2015;55(2):103–113. Spring. doi:10.1097/IIO.0000000000000068.
  • Ng AW, Teoh SC. Dengue eye disease. Surv Ophthalmol. 2015 Mar-Apr;60(2):106–114. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.07.003.
  • Gratz NG. Critical review of the vector status of Aedes albopictus. Med Vet Entomol. 2004;18:215–227. doi:10.1111/j.0269-283X.2004.00513.x.
  • Nah G, Tan M, Teoh S, et al. Maculopathy associated with dengue fever in a military pilot. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2007;78:1064–1067. doi:10.3357/ASEM.2138.2007.
  • World Health Organization. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever: Diagnosis, Treatment and Control. 2nd ed. Geneva,Switzerland: WHO; 1997.
  • Nukui Y, Tajima S, Kotaki A, et al. Novel denguevirus type-1 from travelers to Yap state, Micronesia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:343. doi:10.3201/eid1202.050733.
  • Halstead SB. Global epidemiology of dengue hemorrhagic fever. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1990;21:636.
  • Kapoor HK, Bhai S, John M, Xavier J. Ocular manifestations of dengue fever in an East Indian epidemic. Can J Ophthalmol. 2006;41:741–746. doi:10.3129/i06-069.
  • The Eye Institute Dengue-related Ophthalmic Complications Workgroup. Ophthalmic complications of dengue. Emerg Infect Dis. [serial on the Internet]. 2006 Feb Available at. ; http://www.cdc.gov.ncidod/EID/vol12no02/05-0274.htm
  • Lim WK, Mathur R, Koh A, Yeoh R, Chee SP. Ocular manifestations of dengue fever. Ophthalmology. 2004;111:2057–2064. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.04.014.
  • Lee JH, Agarwal A, Mahendradas P, et al. Viral posterior uveitis. Surv Ophthalmol. 2017;62(4):404–445. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2016.12.008.
  • Chee S-P. Ocular manifestations of dengue fever. In: Gupta A, Gupta V, Herbort CP, Khairallah M, eds. Uveitis Text and Imaging. New Delhi : Jaypee brothers medical Publishers (P) LTD; 2009:699–705.
  • Ramakrishnan R, Shrivastava S, Deshpande S, Patkar P. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy following dengue fever. Oman J Ophthalmol. 2016;9(3):160–163. doi:10.4103/0974-620X.192272.
  • Goldhardt R, Patel H, Davis JL. Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy following dengue fever: a new association for an old disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2016;24(6):610–614. doi:10.3109/09273948.2015.1125513.
  • Yadav HM, Dutta Majumder P, Biswas J. Dengue associated choroiditis: A rare entity. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2017;7(1):14. doi:10.1186/s12348-017-0132-5.
  • Mehta S. Ocular lesions in severe dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). J Assoc Physicians India. 2005;53:656–657.
  • Su DHW, Bacsal K, Chee SP, et al. Prevalence of dengue maculopathy in patients hospitalized for dengue fever. Ophthalmology. 2007;114:1743–1747. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.03.054.
  • Bacsal K, Chee SP, Cheng CL, Flores JVPG. Dengue-associated maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125:501–510. doi:10.1001/archopht.125.4.501.
  • Calisher CH, Shope RE, Brandt W, et al. Proposed antigenic classification of registered arboviruses I (Togaviridae, Alphavirus). Intervirology. 1980;14:229–232. doi:10.1159/000149190.
  • Robinson MC. An epidemic of virus disease in Southern Province, Tanganyika Territory, in 1952–53. I. Clinical features. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1955;49:28–32. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(55)90080-8.
  • Lumsden WH. An epidemic of virus disease in Southern Province, Tanganyika Territory, in 1952-53; II. General description and epidemiology. Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1955;49:33–57. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(55)90081-X.
  • Pialoux G, Gaüzère B-A, Jauréguiberry S, Strobel M. Chikungunya, an epidemic arbovirosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7(5):319–327. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70107-X.
  • Horwood PF, Buchy P. Chikungunya. Rev Sci Tech. 2015;34(2):479–489. doi:10.20506/rst.34.2.2373.
  • Costa-da-Silva AL, Ioshino RS, Petersen V, et al. First report of naturally infected Aedes aegypti with chikungunya virus genotype ECSA in the Americas. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11(6):e0005630. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005630.
  • Simon F, Savini H, Parola P. Chikungunya: a paradigm of emergence and globalization of vector- borne diseases. Med Clin North Am. 2008;92:1323–1343. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2008.07.008.
  • Ribéra A, Degasne I, Jaffar Bandjee MC, et al. Chronic rheumatic manifestations following Chikungunya virus infection: clinical description and therapeutic considerations. Med Trop (Mars). 2012;72(SpecNo):83–85.
  • Wadia RS. A neurotropic virus (Chikungunya) and a neuropathic aminoacid (homocysteine). Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2007;10:198–213.
  • Rampal SM, Meena H. Neurological complications in chikungunya fever. J Assoc Physicians India. 2007;55:765–769.
  • Chandak NH, Kashyap RS, Kabra D, et al. Neurological complications of Chikungunya virus infection. Neurol India. 2009;57:177–180. doi:10.4103/0028-3886.51289.
  • Singh SS, Manimunda SP, Sugunan AP, Sahina VP. Four cases of acute flaccid paralysis associated with Chikungunya virus infection. Epidemiol Infect. 2008;136:1277–1280. doi:10.1017/S0950268807009739.
  • Powers AM, Logue CH. Changing patterns of Chikungunya virus: re-emergence of a zoonotic arbovirus. J Gen Virol. 2007;88:2363–2377. doi:10.1099/vir.0.82858-0.
  • Schuffenecker I, Iteman I, Michault A, et al. Genome microevolution of chikungunya viruses causing the Indian Ocean outbreak. PLoS Med. 2006;3:e263. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030263.
  • Parola P, de Lamballerie X, Jourdan J, et al. Novel chikungunya virus variant in travelers returning from Indian Ocean islands. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:1493–1499. doi:10.3201/eid1210.060610.
  • Mahendradas P, Ranganna SK, Shetty R, et al. Ocular manifestations associated with chikungunya. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(2):287–291. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.03.085.
  • Lalitha P, Rathinam S, Banushree K, Maheshkumar S, Vijayakumar R, Sathe P. Ocular involvement associated with an epidemic outbreak of Chikungunya virus infection. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;144(4):552–556. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2007.06.002.
  • Mittal A, Mittal S, Bharathi JM, Ramakrishnan R, Sathe PS. Uveitis during outbreak of Chikungunyafever. Ophthalmology. 2007;114(9):1798. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.10.027.
  • Chanana B, Azad RV, Nair S. Bilateral macular choroiditis following Chikungunya virus infection. Eye. 2007;21(7):1020–1021. doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6702863.
  • Mahendradas P, Shetty R, Malathi J, Madhavan HN. Chikungunya virus iridocyclitis in Fuch’s hetero chromic iridocyclitis. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2010;58(6):545–547. doi:10.4103/0301-4738.71707.
  • Kalpana B, Gowri Jaydev M. Chikungunya virus iridocyclitis in Fuchs’ heterochromic iridocyclitis. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2012;60(1):73–74. doi:10.4103/0301-4738.90495.
  • Mittal A, Mittal S, Bharati MJ, Ramakrishnan R, Saravanan S, Sathe PS. Optic neuritis associated with Chikungunya virus infection in South India. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125(10):1381–1386. doi:10.1001/archopht.125.10.1381.
  • Rose N, Anoop TM, John AP, Jabbar PK, George KC. Acute optic neuritis following infection with chikungunya virus in southern rural India. Int J Infect Dis. 2011;15(2):e147–e150. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2010.10.004.
  • Daubney R, Hudson JR, Garnham PC. Enzootic hepatitis or Rift Valley fever : an undescribed virus disease of sheep, cattle and man from east Africa. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1931;34:545–579. doi:10.1002/path.1700340418.
  • Al-Hazmi A, Al-Rajhi AA, Abboud EB, et al. Ocular complications of Rift Valley fever outbreak in Saudi Arabia. Ophthalmology. 2005;112(2):313–318. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.09.018.
  • Meegan JM, Watten RH, Laughlin LW. Clinical experience with Rift Valley fever in humans during the 1977 Egyptian epizootic. Contrib Epidemiol Biostatics. 1981;3:114–123.
  • Schrire L. Macular changes in Rift Valley Fever. S Afr Med J. 1951;25:926–930.
  • Al –Hazmi M, Ayolla EA, Abdurahman M, et al. Epidemic Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia : a clinical study of severe illness in humans. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:245–252. doi:10.1086/345671.
  • Elwan MS, Sharaf MH, Gameel K, et al. Rift Valley fever retinopathy: observations in a new outbreak. Ann Saudi Med. 1997;17:377–380.
  • Dick GW, Kitchen SF, Haddow AJ. Zika virus. I. Isolations and serological specificity. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1952;46:509–520.
  • Macnamara F. Zika virus: a report on three cases of human infection during an epidemic of jaundice in Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1954;48:139–145.
  • Duffy MR, Chen TH, Hancock WT, et al. Zika virus outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(24):2536–2543. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0805715.
  • Tognarelli J, Ulloa S, Villagra E, et al. A report on the outbreak of Zika virus on Easter Island, South Pacific, 2014. Arch Virol. 2016;161(3):665–668. doi:10.1007/s00705-015-2695-5.
  • Schuler-Faccini L, Ribeiro EM, Feitosa IM, et al. Possible association between Zika virus infection and microcephaly Brazil, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:59–62. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6503e2.
  • Ventura CV, Maia M, Bravo-Filho V, Góis AL, Belfort R Jr. Zika virus in Brazil and macular atrophy in a child with microcephaly. Lancet. 2016;387(10015):228. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00006-4.
  • Miranda HA 2nd, Costa MC, Frazão MA, Simão N, Franchischini S, Moshfeghi DM. Expanded spectrum of congenital ocular findings in microcephaly with presumed zika infection. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(8):1788–1794. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.05.001.
  • Ventura CV, Maia M, Travassos SB, et al. Risk factors associated with the ophthalmoscopic findings identified in infants with presumed zika virus congenital infection. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016;134(8):912–918. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.1784.
  • Fontes BM. Zika virus-related hypertensive iridocyclitis. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2016;79(1):63. doi:10.5935/0004-2749.20160020.
  • Furtado JM, Espósito DL, Klein TM, Teixeira-Pinto T, Da Fonseca BA. Uveitis associated with zika virus infection. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(4):394–396. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1603618.
  • Henry CR, Al-Attar L, Cruz-Chacón AM, Davis JL. Chorioretinal lesions presumed secondary to zika virus infection in an immunocompromised adult. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2017;135(4):386–389. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.0098.
  • Kodati S, Palmore TN, Spellman FA, Cunningham D, Weistrop B, Sen HN. Bilateral posterior uveitis associated with Zika virus infection. Lancet. 2017;389(10064):125–126. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32518-1.
  • Parke DW, Almeida DRP, Albini TA, Ventura CV, Berrocal AM, Mittra RA. Serologically confirmed Zika-related unilateral acute maculopathy in an adult. Ophthalmology. 2016;123:2432–2433. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.06.039.
  • Salahuddin SZ, Ablashi DV, Markham PD, et al. Isolation of a new virus, HBLV in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders. Science. 1986;23:596–601. doi:10.1126/science.2876520.
  • Frenkel N, Schirmer EC, Wyatt LS, et al. Isolation of a new herpesvirus from human CD4+ T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990;87:748–752. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.2.748.
  • Chang Y, Cesarman E, Pessin MS, et al. Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. Science. 1998;266:1865–1869. doi:10.1126/science.7997879.
  • Levy JA. A new human herpesvirus: is it KSHV or HHV8? Lancet. 1995;345:786. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(95)91611-3.
  • Schirmer EC, Wyatt LS, Yamanishi K, et al. Differentiation between two distinct classes of viruses now classified as human herpesvirus 6. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1991;88:5922–5926. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.13.5922.
  • Zerr DM. Human herpesvirus 6: a clinical update. Herpes. 2006;13:20–24.
  • Cesarman E, Knowles DM. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus: a lymphotropic human herpesvirus associated with Kaposi’s sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman’s disease. Semin Diagn Pathol. Feb 1997;14(1):54–66.
  • Sugita S, Shimizu N, Watanabe K, et al. Virological analysis in patients with human herpes virus 6-associated ocular inflammatory disorders. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:4692–4698. doi:10.1167/iovs.12-10095.
  • Cohen JI, Fahle G, Kemp MA, et al. Human herpesvirus 6-A, 6-B, and 7 in vitreous fluid samples. J Med Virol. 2010;82:996–999. doi:10.1002/jmv.21751.
  • Nahdi I, Abdelwahed RB, Boukoum H, et al. Herpesvirus detection and cytokine levels (IL-10, IL-6, and IFN-γ) in ocular fluid from Tunisian immunocompetent patients with uveitis. J Med Virol. 2013;85(12):2079–2086. doi:10.1002/jmv.23708.
  • Nakano S, Sugita S, Tomaru Y, et al. Establishment of multiplex solid-phase strip pcr test for detection of 24 ocular infectious disease pathogens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58(3):1553–1559. doi:10.1167/iovs.16-20556.
  • Inoue T, Takamatsu F, Kubota A, et al. Human herpesvirus 8 in corneal endotheliitis resulting in graft failure after penetrating keratoplasty refractory to allograft rejection therapy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129:1629–1630. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.346.
  • Matsuo T, Itami M. Seropositivity of human herpesvirus-8 in patients with uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2002;10:197–199.
  • Gessain A, Barin F, Vernant JC, et al. Antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type-I in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis. Lancet. 1985;2:407–410. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(85)92734-5.
  • Osame M, Usuku K, Izumo S, et al. HTLV-I associated myelopathy, a new clinical entity. Lancet. 1986;1:1031–1032. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(86)91298-5.
  • Mochizuki M, Watanabe T, Yamaguchi K, et al. Uveitis associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I. Am J Ophthalmol. 1992;114:123–129. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(14)73974-1.
  • Mochizuki M, Watanabe T, Yamaguchi K, et al. Uveitis associated with human T lymphotropic virus type I: seroepidemiologic, clinical, and virologic studies. J Infect Dis. 1992;166:943–944. doi:10.1093/infdis/166.4.943.
  • Mochizuki MYK, Takatsuki K, Watanabet MS, Tajima K. HTLV-1 and uveitis. Lancet. 1992;399:1110. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)90699-4.
  • Ohba N, Matsumoto M, Sameshima M, et al. Ocular manifestations in patients infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type I. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1989;33:1–12.
  • Yoshimura K, Mochizuki M, Araki S, et al. Clinical and immunologic features of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1993;116:156–163. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(14)71279-6.
  • Poetker SK, Porto AF, Giozza SP, et al. Clinical manifestations in individuals with recent diagnosis of HTLV type I infection. J Clin Virol. 2011;51:54–58. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2011.02.004.
  • Ikeda E, Ono A, Hikita N, et al. Estimated prevalence rate of HTLV-I uveitis in Chikugo. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 1998;102:327–332.
  • Yamaguchi K, Mochizuki M, Watanabe T, et al. Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 uveitis after Graves’ disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 1994;78:163–166.
  • Takahashi T, Takase H, Urano T, et al. Clinical features of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 uveitis: a long-term follow-up. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2000;8:235–241. doi:10.1076/ocii.8.4.235.6454.
  • Merle H, Cabre P, Olindo S, Merle S, Smadja D. Ocular lesions in 200 patients infected by the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 in martinique (French West Indies). Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;134:190–195. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(02)01521-0.
  • Kamoi K, Mochizuki M. HTLV infection and the eye. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2012;23:557–561. doi:10.1097/ICU.0b013e328358b9ec.
  • Nakao K, Abematsu N, Sakamoto T. Systemic diseases in patients with HTLV-1-associated uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2018;102(3):373–376. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310658.
  • Merle H, Cabre P, Merle S, Gerard M, Smadja D. A description of human T-lymphotropic virus type I-related chronic interstitial keratitis in 20 patients. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;131:305–308.
  • Rogo LD, Mokhtari-Azad T, Kabir MH, Rezaei F. Human parvovirus B19: a review. Acta Virol. 2014;58:199–213.
  • Maini R, Edelsten C. Uveitis associated with parvovirus infection. Br J Ophthalmol. 1999;83:1403–1404.
  • Heinz C, Plentz A, Bauer D, Heiligenhaus A, Modrow S. Prevalence of parvovirus B19-specific antibodies and of viral DNA in patients with endogenous uveitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2005;243(10):999–1004. doi:10.1007/s00417-005-1178-x.
  • de Groot-Mijnes JD, Dekkers J, de Visser L, Rothova A, van Loon AM, de Boer JH. Antibody production against B19 virus in ocular fluid of JIA-associated uveitis patients. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(6):1270–1272. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.01.006.
  • De Boer JH, De Keizer RJ, Kijlstra A. In search of intraocular antibody production to parvo B19 virus and adenovirus in intermediate uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1993;77(12):829. doi:10.1136/bjo.77.12.829.
  • Visser N, Rothova A, de Groot-Mijnes JD, de Visser L. Searching for intraocular antibody production against Parvovirus B19, Mumps virus and Measles virus in patients with intermediate and posterior uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2009;93(6):841–842. doi:10.1136/bjo.2008.150607.
  • Dunn JJ. Enteroviruses and Parechoviruses. Microbiol Spectr. 2016;4(3). doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0006-2015.
  • Van Gelder RN. Ocular pathogens for the twenty-first century. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010;150(5):595–597. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2010.08.020.
  • de Groot-Mijnes JD, de Visser L, Zuurveen S, et al. Identification of new pathogens in the intraocular fluid of patients with uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010;150(5):628–636. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2010.05.015.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.