Epidemiology of Macular Edema in Uveitis

References

• Markomichelakis NN, Halkiadakis I, Pantelia E, et al. Patterns of macular edema in patients with uveitis: qualitative and quantitative assessment using optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(5):946–953.doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2003.08.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iannetti L, Accorinti M, Liverani M, Caggiano C, Abdulaziz R, Pivetti-Pezzi P. Optical coherence tomography for classification and clinical evaluation of macular edema in patients with uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2008;16(4):155–160. doi:10.1080/09273940802187466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antcliff RJ, Stanford MR, Chauhan DS, et al. Comparison between optical coherence tomography and fundus fluorescein angiography for the detection of cystoid macular edema in patients with uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2000;107:593–599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jittpoonkuson T, Garcia PMT, Rosen RB. Correlation between fluorescein angiography and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of cystoid macular edema. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010;94(9):1197–1200. doi:10.1136/bjo.2009.170589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brar M, Yuson R, Kozak I, et al. Correlation between morphologic features on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and angiographic leakage patterns in macular edema. Retina (Philadelphia, PA). 2010;30(3):383–389. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181cd4803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozak I, Morrison VL, Clark TM, et al. Discrepancy between fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography in detection of macular disease. Retina (Philadelphia, PA). 2008;28(4):538–544. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e318167270b.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran THC, de Smet MD, Bodaghi B, Fardeau C, Cassoux N, Lehoang P. Uveitic macular oedema: correlation between optical coherence tomography patterns with visual acuity and fluorescein angiography. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92(7):922–927. doi:10.1136/bjo.2007.136846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ossewaarde-van Norel J, Camfferman LP, Rothova A. Discrepancies between fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography in macular edema in uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;154(2):233–239. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2012.02.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempen JH, Sugar EA, Jaffe GL, et al. Fluorescein angiography versus optical coherence tomography for diagnosis of uveitic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2013;120:1852–1859. doi:10.1016/j.Ophtha2013.01.069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nussenblatt RB, Kaufman SC, Palestine AG, Davis MD, Ferris FL 3rd. Macular thickening and visual acuity. Measurement in patients with cystoid macular edema. Ophthalmology. 1987;94:1134–1139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmor MF. Mechanisms of fluid accumulation in retinal edema. Doc Ophthalmol. 1999;97:239–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Listhaus AD, Freeman WR. Fluorescein angiography in patients with posterior uveitis. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1990;30:297–308.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ciardella AP, Prall FR, Borodoker N, Cunningham ET. Imaging techniques for posterior uveitis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2004;15:519–530.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gallagher MJ, Yilmaz T, Cervantes-Castañeda RA, Foster CS. The characteristic features of optical coherence tomography in posterior uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91(12):1680–1685. doi:10.1136/bjo.2007.124099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knudsen LL, Lervang -H-H, Lundbye-Christensen S, Gorst-Rasmussen A. The North Jutland County diabetic retinopathy study (NCDRS) 2. Non-ophthalmic parameters and clinically significant macular oedema. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91(12):1593–1595. doi:10.1136/bjo.2006.111872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Kooij B, Probst K, Fijnheer R, Roest M, de Loos W, Rothova A. Risk factors for cystoid macular oedema in patients with uveitis. Eye (Lond). 2008;22(2):256–260. doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6702595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Kooij B, Fijnheer R, Roest M, Rothova A. Trace microalbuminuria in inflammatory cystoid macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;138(6):1010–1015. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2004.07.056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Kooij B, Fijnheer R, de Boer J, et al. A randomized, masked, cross-over trial of lisinopril for inflammatory macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;141(4):646–651.doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2005.11.056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hikichi T, Trempe CL. Role of the vitreous in the prognosis of peripheral uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1993;116:401–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorne JE, Daniel E, Jabs DA, Kedhar SR, Peters GB, Dunn JP. Smoking as a risk factor for cystoid macular edema complicating intermediate uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;145(5):841–846. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2007.12.032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nalcacioglu-Yuksekkaya P, Ozdal PC, Yazici A, Tirhis H. Clinical and demographic characteristics of patients with uveitis starting later in life. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2015;23(4):304–310. doi:10.3109/09273948.2014.938761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makri OE, Georgalas I, Georgakopoulos CD. Drug-induced macular edema. Drugs. 2013;73(8):789–802. doi:10.1007/s40265-013-0055-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fong DS, Contreras R. Glitazone use associated with diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;147(4):583–586.e1. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2008.10.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idris I, Warren G, Donnelly R. Association between thiazolidinedione treatment and risk of macular edema among patients with type 2 diabetes. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(13):1005–1011. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.1938.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teitelbaum BA, Tresley DJ. Cystic maculopathy with normal capillary permeability secondary to docetaxel. Optom Vis Sci. 2003;80:277–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telander DG, Sarraf D. Cystoid macular edema with docetaxel chemotherapy and the fluid retention syndrome. Semin Ophthalmol. 2007;22(3):151–153. doi:10.1080/08820530701457373.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joshi MM, Garretson BR. Paclitaxel maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125(5):709–710. doi:10.1001/archopht.125.5.709.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith SV, Benz MS, Brown DM. Cystoid macular edema secondary to albumin-bound paclitaxel therapy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(11):1605–1606. doi:10.1001/archopht.126.11.1605.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mb G, Day R, Jp C, et al. Long-term tamoxifen citrate use and potential ocular toxicity. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;125:493–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gualino V, Sy C, M-N D, J-A S, Gaudric A. Optical coherence tomography findings in tamoxifen retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140(4):757–758. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2005.04.042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen JA, Barkhof F, Comi G, et al. Oral fingolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(5):402–415. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0907839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappos L, Radue E-W, O’Connor P, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(5):387–401. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0909494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain N, Bhatti MT. Fingolimod-associated macular edema: incidence, detection, and management. Neurology. 2012;78(9):672–680. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318248deea.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millay RH, Klein ML, Illingworth DR. Niacin maculopathy. Ophthalmology. 1988;95:930–936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraunfelder FW, Fraunfelder FT, Illingworth DR. Adverse ocular effects associated with niacin therapy. Br J Ophthalmol. 1995;79:54–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deuter CME, Kötter I, Günaydin I, Stübiger N, Doycheva DG, Zierhut M. Efficacy and tolerability of interferon alpha treatment in patients with chronic cystoid macular oedema due to non-infectious uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2009;93(7):906–913. doi:10.1136/bjo.2008.153874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortuna E, Cervantes-Castañeda RA, Castañeda-Cervantes RA, Bhat P, Doctor P, Foster CS. Flare-up rates with bimatoprost therapy in uveitic glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;146(6):876–882. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2008.08.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markomichelakis NN, Kostakou A, Halkiadakis I, Chalkidou S, Papakonstantinou D, Georgopoulos G. Efficacy and safety of latanoprost in eyes with uveitic glaucoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2009;247(6):775–780. doi:10.1007/s00417-009-1036-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallam A, Sheth HG, Habot-Wilner Z, Lightman S. Outcome of raised intraocular pressure in uveitic eyes with and without a corticosteroid-induced hypertensive response. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;148(2):207–213.e1. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2009.02.032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeuchi M, Kanda T, Taguchi M, Shibata M, Mine I, Sakurai Y. Evaluation of efficacy and safety of latanoprost/timolol versus travoprost/timolol fixed combinations for ocular hypertension associated with Uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2017;25(1):105–110. doi:10.3109/09273948.2015.1092559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas JV, Gragoudas ES, Blair NP, Lapus JV. Correlation of epinephrine use and macular edema in aphakic glaucomatous eyes. Arch Ophthalmol. 1978;96:625–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song WK, Lee SC, Lee ES, Kim CY, Kim SS. Macular thickness variations with sex, age and axial length in healthy subjects: a spectral domain-optical coherence tomography study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:3913–3918. doi:10.1167/iovs.09-4189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gritz DC, Schwaber EJ, Wong IG. Complications of uveitis: the Northern California epidemiology of uveitis study. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2018;26(4):584–594. doi:10.1080/09273948.2016.1247174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sungur G, Yakin M, Uzman S, Balta O, Orman G, Ornek F. Clinical features and prognosis of uveitis in a Turkish patient population with ankylosing spondylitis: incidence and management of ocular complications. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. February 2018:1–9. doi:10.1080/09273948.2018.1431290.
   Google Scholar
• Grajewski RS, Boelke AC, Adler W, et al. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography findings of the macula in 500 consecutive patients with uveitis. Eye (Lond). 2016;30(11):1415–1423. doi:10.1038/eye.2016.133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalinina Ayuso V, Hat TC, van der Does P, Rothova A, de Boer JH. Male gender as a risk factor for complications in uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010;149(6):994–999.e5. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2010.01.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Boer J, Steijaert A, van Den Bor R, Stellato R, Ossewaarde-van Norel J. Development of macular edema and impact on visual acuity in uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2015;23(1):67–73. doi:10.3109/09273948.2013.871566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niederer RL, Sharief L, Bar A, Lightman SL, Tomkins-Netzer O. Predictors of long-term visual outcome in intermediate Uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2017;124(3):393–398. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.11.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JA, Mackensen F, Sen HN, et al. Epidemiology and course of disease in childhood uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2009;116(8):1544–1551. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.05.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin MH, Pistilli M, Daniel E, et al. Incidence of visual improvement in uveitis cases with visual impairment caused by macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(2):588–595.e1. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.09.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatzistefanou K, Markomichelakis NN, Christen W, Soheilian M, Foster CS. Characteristics of uveitis presenting for the first time in the elderly. Ophthalmology. 1998;105:347–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tranos PG, Tsaousis KT, Vakalis AN, Asteriades S, Pavesio CE. Long-term follow-up of inflammatory cystoid macular edema. Retina (Philadelphia, PA). 2012;32(8):1624–1628. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182483348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lardenoye CWTA, van Kooij B, Rothova A. Impact of macular edema on visual acuity in uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2006;113(8):1446–1449. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.03.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothova A, Suttorp-van Schulten MS, Frits Treffers W, Kijlstra A. Causes and frequency of blindness in patients with intraocular inflammatory disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996;80:332–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durrani OM, Tehrani NN, Marr JE, Moradi P, Stavrou P, Murray PI. Degree, duration, and causes of visual loss in uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88(9):1159–1162. doi:10.1136/bjo.2003.037226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prieto-del-Cura M, González-Guijarro J. Complications of uveitis: prevalence and risk factors in a series of 398 cases. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2009;84:523–528.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Smet MD, Okada AA. Cystoid macular edema in uveitis. Dev Ophthalmol. 2010;47:136–147. doi:10.1159/000320077.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fardeau C, Champion E, Massamba N, LeHoang P. Uveitic macular edema. Eye (Lond). 2016;30(10):1277–1292. doi:10.1038/eye.2016.115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traill A, Stawell R, Hall A, Zamir E. Macular thickening in acute anterior uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2007;114:402. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.10.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellano CG, Stinett SS, Mettu PS, McCallum RM, Jaffe GJ. Retinal thickening in iridocyclitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;148:341–349. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2009.03.034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grajesky RS, Heindl LW. Macular thickening of uveitic eyes in the absence of macular oedema and epiretinal membranes. Acta Ophthalmol. 2017;95:e77–e78. doi:10.1111/aos.12920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno-Arrones JP, Gorrono-Echebarria MB, Teus-Guezala MA. Macular thickening in acute anterior uveitis with a 6-month remission period. Can J Ophthalmol. 2010;45:90–91. doi:10.3129/i09-196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabs DA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT. Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group. Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data. results of the first international workshop. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140:509–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pivetti-Pezzi P, Accorinti M, La Cava M, Colabelli Gisoldi RA, Abdulaziz MA. Endogenous uveitis: an analysis of 1,417 cases. Ophthalmologica. 1996;210(4):234–238. doi:10.1159/000310715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderly DE, Haymond RS, Rao NA, Smith RE. The significance of the pars plana exudate in pars planitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1987;103:669–671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith RE, Godfrey WA, Kimura SJ. Chronic cyclitis. I. Course and visual prognosis. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1973;77:OP760–768.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prieto JF, Dios E, Gutierrez JM, Mayo A, Calonge M, Herreras JM. Pars planitis: epidemiology, treatment, and association with multiple sclerosis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2001;9:93–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pruett RC, Brockhurst J, Letts NF. Fluorescein angiography of peripheral uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1974;77:448–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chester GH, Blach RK, Cleary PE. Inflammation in the region of the vitreous base. Pars planitis. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1976;96:151–157.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan CKM, Wu ZHY, Luk FOJ, et al. Clinical characteristics of intermediate uveitis in Chinese patients. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2013;21(1):71–76. doi:10.3109/09273948.2012.736587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khairallah M, Hmidi K, Attia S, et al. Clinical characteristics of intermediate uveitis in Tunisian patients. Int Ophthalmol. 2010;30(5):531–537. doi:10.1007/s10792-010-9352-5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sancho L, Kramer M, Koriat A, Eiger-Moscovich M, Sharon Y, Amer R. Complications in intermediate uveitis: prevalence, time of onset, and effects on vision in short-term and long-term follow-up. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. January 2018:1–9. doi:10.1080/09273948.2017.1420203.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heinz C, Schoonbrood S, Heiligenhaus A. Intermediate uveitis in children and young adults: differences in clinical course, associations and visual outcome. Br J Ophthalmol. 2014;98(8):1107–1111. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidovic-Valentincic N, Kraut A, Hawlina M, Stunf S, Rothova A. Intermediate uveitis: long-term course and visual outcome. Br J Ophthalmol. 2009;93(4):477–480. doi:10.1136/bjo.2008.149039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozdal PC, Berker N, Tugal-Tutkun I. Pars planitis: Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, management and visual prognosis. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2015;10(4):469–480. doi:10.4103/2008-322X.176897.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kump LI, Cervantes-Castañeda RA, Androudi SN, Foster CS. Analysis of pediatric uveitis cases at a tertiary referral center. Ophthalmology. 2005;112(7):1287–1292. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.01.044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paroli MP, Spinucci G, Monte R, Pesci FR, Abicca I, Pivetti Pezzi P. Intermediate uveitis in a pediatric Italian population. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2011;19(5):321–326. doi:10.3109/09273948.2011.603878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monnet D, Levinson RD, Holland GN, Haddad L, Yu F, Brézin AP. Longitudinal cohort study of patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy. III. Macular imaging at baseline. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;144(6):818–828. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2007.08.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson MW. Etiology and treatment of macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;147(1):11–21.e1. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2008.07.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JH, Mi H, Lim R, et al. Ocular autoimmune systemic inflammatory infectious study - report 3: posterior and panuveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. October 2017;1–10. doi:10.1080/09273948.2017.1358377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones NP. The manchester uveitis clinic: the first 3000 patients, 2: uveitis manifestations, complications, medical and surgical management. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2015;23(2):127–134. doi:10.3109/09273948.2014.968671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khairallah M, Yahia SB, Ladjimi A, et al. Pattern of uveitis in a referral centre in Tunisia, North Africa. Eye (Lond). 2007;21(1):33–39. doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6702111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sengün A, Karadağ R, Karakurt A, Saricaoğlu MS, Abdik O, Hasiripi H. Causes of uveitis in a referral hospital in Ankara, Turkey. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2005;13(1):45–50. doi:10.1080/09273940590909121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markomichelakis NN, Halkiadakis I, Pantelia E, et al. Course of macular edema in uveitis under medical treatment. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2007;15(2):71–79. doi:10.1080/09273940701244509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothova A. Inflammatory cystoid macular edema. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2007;18(6):487–492. doi:10.1097/ICU.0b013e3282f03d2e.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Power WJ, Rodriguez A, Pedroza-Seres M, Foster CS. Outcomes in anterior uveitis associated with the HLA-B27 haplotype. Ophthalmology. 1998;105(9):1646–1651. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(98)99033-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothova A, van Veenedaal WG, Linssen A, Glasius E, Kijlstra A, de Jong PT. Clinical features of acute anterior uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1987;103:137–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linssen A, Meenken C. Outcomes of HLA-B27-positive and HLA-B27-negative acute anterior uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1995;120:351–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braakenburg AMD, de Valk HW, de Boer J, Rothova A. Human leukocyte antigen-B27-associated uveitis: long-term follow-up and gender differences. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;145(3):472–479. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2007.11.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoeksema L, Los LI. Visual prognosis and ocular complications in herpetic versus HLA-B27- or ankylosing spondylitis-associated Anterior Uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2016;24(3):302–312. doi:10.3109/09273948.2015.1005237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Accorinti M, Iannetti L, Liverani M, Caggiano C, Gilardi M. Clinical features and prognosis of HLA B27-associated acute anterior uveitis in an Italian patient population. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2010;18(2):91–96. doi:10.3109/09273941003597268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pathanapitoon K, Suksomboon S, Kunavisarut P, et al. HLA-B27-associated acute anterior uveitis in the university referral centre in North Thailand: clinical presentation and visual prognosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90(12):1448–1450. doi:10.1136/bjo.2006.099788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuncer S, Adam YS, Urgancioglu M, Tugal-Tutkun I. Clinical features and outcomes of HLA-b27-positive and HLA-B27-negative acute anterior uveitis in a Turkish patient population. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2005;13:367–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tay-Kearney ML, Schwam BL, Lowder C, et al. Clinical features and associated systemic diseases of HLA-B27 uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996;121:47–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angeles-Han ST, McCracken C, Yeh S, et al. Characteristics of a cohort of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and JIA-associated Uveitis. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2015;13:19. doi:10.1186/s12969-015-0018-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducos de Lahitte G, Terrada C, Thc T, et al. Maculopathy in uveitis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: an optical coherence tomography study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92(1):64–69. doi:10.1136/bjo.2007.120675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Boer J, Berendschot TTJM, van der Does P, Rothova A. Long-term follow-up of intermediate uveitis in children. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;141(4):616–621. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2005.09.035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arellanes-García L, Navarro-López L, Recillas-Gispert C. Pars planitis in the Mexican Mestizo population: ocular findings, treatment, and visual outcome. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2003;11:53–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Accorinti M, Pesci FR, Pirraglia MP, Abicca I, Pivetti-Pezzi P. Ocular behçet’s disease: changing patterns over time, complications and long-term visual prognosis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2017;25(1):29–36. doi:10.3109/09273948.2015.1094095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tugal-Tutkun I, Onal S, Altan-Yaycioglu R, Huseyin Altunbas H, Urgancioglu M. Uveitis in Behçet disease: an analysis of 880 patients. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;138(3):373–380. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2004.03.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart JM, Cubillan LDP, Cunningham ET. Prevalence, clinical features, and causes of vision loss among patients with ocular toxocariasis. Retina (Philadelphia, PA). 2005;25:1005–1013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Du Q, Ma F, Lu Y, Wang M, Li X. Characteristics of syphilitic uveitis in northern China. BMC Ophthalmol. 2017;17(1):95. doi:10.1186/s12886-017-0491-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacsal KE, Chee S-P, Cheng C-L, Flores JVP. Dengue-associated maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125(4):501–510. doi:10.1001/archopht.125.4.501.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teoh SC, Chee CK, Laude A, et al. Optical coherence tomography patterns as predictors of visual outcome in dengue-related maculopathy. Retina (Philadelphia, PA). 2010;30(3):390–398.doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181bd2fc6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iannetti L, Spinucci G, Abbouda A, De Geronimo D, Tortorella P, Accorinti M. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in uveitic macular edema: morphological features and prognostic factors. Ophthalmologica. 2012;228(1):13–18. doi:10.1159/000337234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BenEzra D, Cohen E, Maftzir G. Uveitis in children and adolescents. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89(4):444–448. doi:10.1136/bjo.2004.050609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azar D, Martin F. Paediatric uveitis: a Sydney clinic experience. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2004;32(5):468–471. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9071.2004.00864.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edelsten C, Reddy MA, Stanford MR, Graham EM. Visual loss associated with pediatric uveitis in english primary and referral centers. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;135:676–680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Boer J, Wulffraat N, Rothova A. Visual loss in uveitis of childhood. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87:879–884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland GN, Denove CS, Yu F. Chronic anterior uveitis in children: clinical characteristics and complications. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;147(4):667–678.e5. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2008.11.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sen ES, Ramanan AV. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2017;31(4):517–534. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2018.01.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiligenhaus A, Niewerth M, Ganser G, Heinz C, Minden K; German Uveitis in Childhood Study Group. Prevalence and complications of uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a population-based nation-wide study in Germany: suggested modification of the current screening guidelines. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46(6):1015–1019. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kem053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg KD, Feuer WJ, Davis JL. Ocular complications of pediatric uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(12):2299–2306. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.06.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorne JE, Woreta F, Kedhar SR, Dunn JP, Jabs DA. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis: incidence of ocular complications and visual acuity loss. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143(5):840–846. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2007.01.033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kump LI, Rac C, Androudi SN, Reed GF, Foster CS. Visual outcomes in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2006;113(10):1874–1877. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.05.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalinina AV, Ten CHAT, van der Does P, Rothova A, Jh DB. Male gender and poor visual outcome in uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010;149(6):987–993. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2010.01.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paroli MP, Spinucci G, Liverani M, Monte R, Pezzi PP. Uveitis in childhood: an Italian clinical and epidemiological study. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2009;17(4):238–242. doi:10.1080/09273940802702561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalinina Ayuso V, Ten Cate HAT, van Den Does P, Rothova A, de Boer JH. Young age as a risk factor for complicated course and visual outcome in intermediate uveitis in children. Br J Ophthalmol. 2011;95(5):646–651. doi:10.1136/bjo.2010.184267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donaldson MJ, Pulido JS, Herman DC, Diehl N, Hodge D. Pars planitis: a 20-year study of incidence, clinical features, and outcomes. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;144(6):812–817. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2007.08.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim BH, Shin JY, Yu HG. Discrepancy in fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography findings of macular edema in intermediate uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2016;24(6):653–659. doi:10.3109/09273948.2015.1063668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar