Pattern of Retinal Vasculitis in an Egyptian Cohort

References

• Graham EM, Stanford MR, Sanders MD, Kasp E, Dumonde DC. A point prevalence study of 150 patients with idiopathic retinal vasculitis: diagnostic value of ophthalmological features. Br J Ophthalmol. 1989;73:714–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster CS, Foster CS. Ocular manifestations of the nonrheumatic acquired collagen vascular diseases. In: Smolin G, Thoft RA, eds. The Cornea: Scientific Foundations and Clinical Practice. 2nd ed. Boston: Little, Brown; 1987:352–357.
   Google Scholar
• Stafford-Brady FJ, Urowitz MB, Gladman DD, Easterbrook M. Lupus retinopathy: patterns, associations and prognosis. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 1988;31:1105–1110. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1529-0131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Androudi S, Dastiridou A, Symeonidis C, et al. Retinal vasculitis in rheumatic diseases: an unseen burden. Clin Rheumatol. 2013;32:7–13. doi:10.1007/s10067-012-2078-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabs DA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT. Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) working group. Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data. Results of the first international workshop. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140:509–516. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2005.03.057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange C, Feltgen N, Junker B, Schulze-Bonsel K, Bach M. Resolving the clinical acuity categories “hand motion” and “counting fingers” using the Freiburg Visual Acuity Test (FrACT). Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2009;247(1):137–142. doi:10.1007/s00417-008-0926-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon YH, Kim CS, Zimmerman MB, Alward WLM, Hayreh SS. Rate of visual field loss and long-term visual outcome in primary open-angle glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;132(1):47–56. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(01)00912-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders MD, Graham EM. Retinal vasculitis. Postgrad Med J. 1988;64:488–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamdi M, Abdalla MI. Ocular manifestations of Behçet’s disease. Bull Ophthalmol Soc Egypt. 1974;67:73–83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonamour G, Grange JD, Bonnet M Retinal vein involvement in Behçet’s disease. In: Dilsen N, Konice M, Ovul C (Eds). Behçet’s disease. Proceedings of an International Symposium on Behçet’s disease, Istanbul, September 29-30, 1977. Amsterdam-Oxford: Excerpta Medica; 1979. pp. 142–144.
   Google Scholar
• Richards RD. Simultaneous occlusion of the central retinal artery and vein in Behçet’s disease. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1979;77:191–209.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spalton DJ, Sanders MD. Fundus changes in histologically confirmed sarcoidosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1981;65:348–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabs DA, Johns CJ. Ocular involvement in chronic sarcoidosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1986;102:297–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obenauf CD, Shaw HE, Sydnor CF, Klintworth GK. Sarcoidosis and its ophthalmic manifestations. Am J Ophthalmol. 1978;86:648–655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter DG, Foster CS. Ocular manifestations of sarcoidosis. In: Albert DM, Jakobiec FA, eds. Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1994:443–450.
   Google Scholar
• Bisighini S, Pagliuso L. Retinal vasculitis: a diagnostic dilemma. Clin Eye Vis Care. 1997;9: 71–48. doi:10.1016/S0953-4431(97)00007-6.
   Google Scholar
• Rosen PH, Spalton DJ, Graham EM. Intraocular tuberculosis. Eye (Lond). 1990;4:486–492. doi:10.1038/eye.1990.63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah SM, Howard RS, Sarkies NJ, Graham EM. Tuberculosis presenting as retinal vasculitis. J R Soc Med. 1988;81:232–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leng T, Schefler AC, Murray TG. Retinal vascular tumor and peripheral retinal vasculitis in the setting of systemic tuberculosis. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging. 2009;40:409–412.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bodaghi B, Grendon G, Wechsler B, et al. Efficacy of interferon alpha in the treatment of refractory and sight threatening uveitis: a retrospective monocentric study of 45 patients. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91(3):335–339. doi:10.1136/bjo.2006.101550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki J, Oh-I K, Kezuka T, Sakai J-I, Goto H. Comparison of patients with ocular tuberculosis in the 1990s and the 2000s. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2010;54(1):19–23. doi:10.1007/s10384-009-0759-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta A, Gupta V, Arora S, Dogra MR, Bambery P. PCR positive tubercular retinal vasculitis: clinical characteristics and management. Retina. 2001;21:435–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouza E, Merino P, Munoz P, Sanchez-Carrillo C, Yáñez J, Cortés C. Ocular tuberculosis. A prospective study in a general hospital. Medicine (Baltimore). 1997;76:53–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kannan B, Govindaragan K, Kummararaj S, Balaji V, Natarajapillai V. Retinal vasculitis in a patient with abdominal tuberculosis. Oman J Ophthalmol. 2010 May-Aug;3(2):81–85. doi:10.4103/0974-620X.64232.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoh HB, Kong VY, Jaais F. Tubercular retinal vasculitis. Med J Malaysia. 1998;53:288–289.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gur S, Silverstone BZ, Zylberman R, Berson D. Chorioretinitis and extra pulmonary tuberculosis. Ann Ophthalmol. 1987;19:112–115.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Madhavan HN, Therese KL, Gunisha P, Jayanthi U, Biswas J. Polymerase chain reaction for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in epiretinal membrane in Eale’s disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:822–825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavesio CE, Lightman S. Toxoplasma gondii and ocular toxoplasmosis: pathogenesis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996;80:1099–1107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balasundaram MB, Andavar R, Palaniswamy M, Venkatapathy N. Outbreak of acquired ocular toxoplasmosis involving 248 patients. Arch Ophthalmol. 2010;128:28–32. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.354.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwartz PL. Segmental retinal periarteritis as a complication of toxoplasmosis. Ann Ophthalmol. 1977;9:157–162.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oréfice F, Bahia-Oliveira LM. Toxoplasmose. In: Oréfice F, ed. Uveíte clinica e cirúrgica. Rio de Janeiro: Cultura Médica; 2005:699–804.
   Google Scholar
• Gass JD. The macula. St. Louis: CV Mosby; 1997:663–665.
   Google Scholar