573
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Letter to the Editor

Management of Ganciclovir Resistant Cytomegalovirus Retinitis in a Solid Organ Transplant Recipient: A Review of Current Evidence and Treatment Approaches

, FRCOphthORCID Icon, , MRCP, , FRCP, , FRCOphth & , FRCOphth
Pages 1152-1158 | Received 30 Apr 2019, Accepted 15 Jul 2019, Published online: 17 Oct 2019

References

  • Port AD, Orlin A, Kiss S, et al. Cytomegalovirus retinitis: a review. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2017;33:224–234. doi:10.1089/jop.2016.0140.
  • Kedhar SR, Jabs DA. Cytomegalovirus retinitis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Herpes-Cambridge. 2007;14:66.
  • Limaye A. Ganciclovir‐resistant cytomegalovirus in organ transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35(7):866–872. doi:10.1086/342385.
  • Chemaly R, Chou S, Einsele H, et al. Definitions of resistant and refractory cytomegalovirus infection and disease in transplant recipients for use in clinical trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;68(8):1420–1426. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy696.
  • Chou S. Approach to drug-resistant cytomegalovirus in transplant recipients. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2015;28:293. doi:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000170.
  • Schneider EW, Elner SG, van Kuijk FJ, et al. Chronic retinal necrosis: cytomegalovirus necrotizing retinitis associated with panretinal vasculopathy in non-HIV patients. Retina. 2013;33:1791–1799. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e318285f486.
  • El Chaer F, Shah DP, Chemaly RF. How I treat resistant cytomegalovirus infection in hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients. Blood. 2016;128:2624–2636. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-06-688432.
  • Lurain NS, Chou S. Antiviral drug resistance of human cytomegalovirus. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010;23(4):689–712. doi:10.1128/CMR.00009-10.
  • Koval CE. Prevention and treatment of cytomegalovirus infections in solid organ transplant recipients. Infect Dis Clinics. 2018;32:581–597. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2018.04.008.
  • Nichols WG, Corey L, Gooley T, et al. Rising pp65 antigenemia during preemptive anticytomegalovirus therapy after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: risk factors, correlation with DNA load, and outcomes. Blood. 2001;97:867–874. doi:10.1182/blood.v97.4.867.
  • Marty FM, Ljungman P, Chemaly RF, et al. Letermovir prophylaxis for cytomegalovirus in hematopoietic-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:2433–2444. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1706640.
  • Gracia-Ahufinger I, Gutiérrez-Aroca J, Cordero E, et al. Use of high-dose ganciclovir for the treatment of cytomegalovirus replication in solid organ transplant patients with ganciclovir resistance-inducing mutations. Transplantation. 2013;95:1015–1020. doi:10.1097/TP.0b013e31828555ac.
  • Bedino G, Esposito P, Bosio F, et al. The role of therapeutic drug monitoring in the treatment of cytomegalovirus disease in kidney transplantation. Int Urol Nephrol. 2013;45:1809–1813. doi:10.1007/s11255-012-0293-y.
  • Wong R, Pavesio CE, Laidlaw DA, et al. Acute retinal necrosis: the effects of intravitreal foscarnet and virus type on outcome. Ophthalmology. 2010;117:556–560. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.08.003.
  • Waldman WJ, Knight DA, Lurain NS, et al. Novel mechanism of inhibition of cytomegalovirus by the experimental immunosuppressive agent leflunomide1, 2. Transplantation. 1999;68:814–825. doi:10.1097/00007890-199909270-00014.
  • Waldman WJ, Knight DA, Blinder L, et al. Inhibition of cytomegalovirus in vitro and in vivo by the experimental immunosuppressive agent leflunomide. Intervirology. 1999;42:412–418. doi:10.1159/000053979.
  • Rifkin LM, Minkus CL, Pursell K, et al. Utility of leflunomide in the treatment of drug resistant cytomegalovirus retinitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2017;25:93–96. doi:10.3109/09273948.2015.1071406.
  • Dunn JH, Weinberg A, Chan LK, et al. Long-term suppression of multidrug-resistant cytomegalovirus retinitis with systemically administered leflunomide. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013;131:958–960. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.1589.
  • Nashan B, Gaston R, Emery V, et al. Review of cytomegalovirus infection findings with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor-based immunosuppressive therapy in de novo renal transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2012;93:1075–1085. doi:10.1097/TP.0b013e31824810e6.
  • Torre-Cisneros J, Aguado JM, Caston JJ, et al. Management of cytomegalovirus infection in solid organ transplant recipients: SET/GESITRA-SEIMC/REIPI recommendations. Transplant Rev. 2016;30:119–143. doi:10.1016/j.trre.2016.04.001.
  • Papadopoulou A, Gerdemann U, Katari UL, et al. Activity of broad-spectrum T cells as treatment for AdV, EBV, CMV, BKV, and HHV6 infections after HSCT. Sci Transl Med. 2014;25:242ra83. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3008825.
  • Schulz U, Solidoro P, Müller V, et al. CMV immunoglobulins for the treatment of CMV infections in thoracic transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2016;100:S5–S10. doi:10.1097/TP.0000000000001097.
  • Razonable R, Humar A. Cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplant recipients—guidelines of the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transplant. 2019;e13512. doi:10.1111/ctr.13512.
  • Chou S. A third component of the human cytomegalovirus terminase complex is involved in letermovir resistance. Antiviral Res. 2017;148:1–4. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.10.019.
  • Cherrier L, Nasar A, Goodlet KJ, et al. Emergence of letermovir resistance in a lung transplant recipient with ganciclovir‐resistant cytomegalovirus infection. Am J Transplant. 2018;18:3060–3064. doi:10.1111/ajt.15135.
  • Chemaly RF, Ullmann AJ, Stoelben S, et al. Letermovir for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in hematopoietic-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1781–1789. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1309533.
  • Hostetler KY. Alkoxyalkyl prodrugs of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates enhance oral antiviral activity and reduce toxicity: current state of the art. Antiviral Res. 2009;82:A84–98.
  • Painter W, Robertson A, Trost LC, et al. First pharmacokinetic and safety study in humans of the novel lipid antiviral conjugate CMX001, a broad-spectrum oral drug active against double-stranded DNA viruses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:2726–2734. doi:10.1128/AAC.05983-11.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.