References
- Kezic JM, Davey MP, Glant TT, Rosenbaum JT, Rosenzweig HL. Interferon-gamma regulates discordant mechanisms of uveitis versus joint and axial disease in a murine model resembling spondylarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(3):762–771. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/art.33404.
- Bacchiega ABS, Balbi GGM, Ochtrop MLG, de Andrade FA, Levy RA, Baraliakos X. Ocular involvement in patients with spondyloarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017;56(12):2060–2067. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kex057.
- Brewerton DA, Caffrey M, Nicholls A, Walters D, James DC. Acute anterior uveitis and HL-A 27. Lancet. 1973a;302(7836):994–996. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(73)91090-8.
- Brewerton DA, Hart FD, Nicholls A, Caffrey M, James DC, Sturrock RD. Ankylosing spondylitis and HL-A 27. Lancet. 1973b;1(7809):904–907. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(73)91360-3.
- Zeboulon N, Dougados M, Gossec L. Prevalence and characteristics of uveitis in the spondyloarthropathies: a systematic literature review. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67(7):955–959. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2007.075754.
- Braakenburg AM, de Valk HW, de Boer J, Rothova A. Human leukocyte antigen-B27-associated uveitis: long-term follow-up and gender differences. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;145(3):472–479. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2007.11.009.
- Monnet D, Breban M, Hudry C, Dougados M, Brezin AP. Ophthalmic findings and frequency of extraocular manifestations in patients with HLA-B27 uveitis: a study of 175 cases. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(4):802–809. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2003.07.011.
- Agrawal RV, Murthy S, Sangwan V, Biswas J. Current approach in diagnosis and management of anterior uveitis. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2010;58(1):11–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.58468.
- Labalette P. Refractory anterior uveitis. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2011;34(2):122–126. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfo.2010.07.002.
- Power WJ, Rodriguez A, Pedroza-Seres M, Foster CS. Outcomes in anterior uveitis associated with the HLA-B27 haplotype. Ophthalmology. 1998;105(9):1646–1651. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(98)99033-9.
- Heiligenhaus A, Heinz C, Edelsten C, Kotaniemi K, Minden K. Review for disease of the year: epidemiology of juvenile idiopathic arthritis and its associated uveitis: the probable risk factors. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2013;21(3):180–191. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/09273948.2013.791701.
- Chia A, Lee V, Graham EM, Edelsten C. Factors related to severe uveitis at diagnosis in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a screening program. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;135(6):757–762. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9394(03)00225-3.
- Dana MR, Merayo-Lloves J, Schaumberg DA, Foster CS. Visual outcomes prognosticators in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis-associated uveitis. Ophthalmology. 1997;104(2):236–244. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(97)30329-7.
- de Boer J, Wulffraat N, Rothova A. Visual loss in uveitis of childhood. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87(7):879–884. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.87.7.879.
- Foeldvari I, Walscheid K, Heiligenhaus A. Uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Z Rheumatol. 2017;76(8):664–672. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00393-017-0360-y.
- Kotaniemi K, Aho K, Kotaniemi A. Uveitis as a cause of visual loss in arthritides and comparable conditions. J Rheumatol. 2001;28:309–312.
- Wolf MD, Lichter PR, Ragsdale CG. Prognostic factors in the uveitis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Ophthalmology. 1987;94:1242–1248.
- Sabri K, Saurenmann RK, Silverman ED, Levin AV. Course, complications, and outcome of juvenile arthritis-related uveitis. J Aapos. 2008;12:539–545. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2008.03.007.
- Khan MA, Haroon M, Rosenbaum JT. Acute anterior Uveitis and spondyloarthritis: more than meets the eye. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2015;17(9):59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-015-0536-x.
- Rosenbaum JT. Uveitis in spondyloarthritis including psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Rheumatol. 2015;34(6):999–1002. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-015-2960-8.
- Bou R, Adan A, Borras F, et al. Clinical management algorithm of uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: interdisciplinary panel consensus. Rheumatol Int. 2015;35(5):777–785.doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-015-3231-3.
- Heiligenhaus A, Michels H, Schumacher C, et al. Evidence-based, interdisciplinary guidelines for anti-inflammatory treatment of uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2012;32(5):1121–1133.doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-011-2126-1.
- Nussenblatt RB, Palestine AG, Chan CC, Stevens G Jr., Mellow SD, Green SB. Randomized, double-masked study of cyclosporine compared to prednisolone in the treatment of endogenous uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;112(2):138–146. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9394(14)76692-9.
- Tappeiner C, Roesel M, Heinz C, Michels H, Ganser G, Heiligenhaus A. Limited value of cyclosporine A for the treatment of patients with uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Eye (Lond). 2009;23(5):1192–1198. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2008.174.
- Gomez-Gomez A, Loza E, Rosario MP, et al. Efficacy and safety of immunomodulatory drugs in patients with anterior uveitis: A systematic literature review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(42):e8045.doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000008045.
- Kasper M, Walscheid K, Laffer B, et al. The phenotype of monocytes in anterior Uveitis depends on the HLA-B27 status. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1773. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01773.
- Liu B, Dhanda A, Hirani S, et al. CD14++CD16+ monocytes are enriched by glucocorticoid treatment and are functionally attenuated in driving effector T cell responses. J Immunol. 2015;194(11):5150–5160.doi:https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1402409.
- Walscheid K, Neekamp L, Heiligenhaus A, et al. Peripheral blood monocytes reveal an activated phenotype in pediatric uveitis. Clin Immunol. 2017. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2017.09.014.
- Walscheid K, Weinhage T, Foell D, Heinz C, Kasper M, Heiligenhaus A. Phenotypic changes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells upon corticosteroid treatment in idiopathic intermediate uveitis. Clin Immunol. 2016. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2016.10.013.
- Jabs DA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT, Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature Working, G. Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data. Results of the first international workshop. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140(3):509–516.
- Rudwaleit M, van der Heijde D, Landewe R, et al. The development of assessment of spondyloarthritis international society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part II): validation and final selection. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(6):777–783.doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2009.108233.
- Petty RE, Southwood TR, Manners P, et al. International league of associations for rheumatology classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: second revision, Edmonton, 2001. J Rheumatol. 2004;31(2):390–392.
- Garrett S, Jenkinson T, Kennedy LG, Whitelock H, Gaisford P, Calin A. A new approach to defining disease status in ankylosing spondylitis: the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index. J Rheumatol. 1994;21:2286–2291.
- Danve A, Reddy A, Vakil-Gilani K, Garg N, Dinno A, Deodhar A. Routine assessment of patient index data 3 score (RAPID3) correlates well with bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index (BASDAI) in the assessment of disease activity and monitoring progression of axial spondyloarthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2015;34(1):117–124. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-014-2827-4.
- Consolaro A, Negro G, Chiara Gallo M, et al. Defining criteria for disease activity states in nonsystemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis based on a three-variable juvenile arthritis disease activity score. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2014;66(11):1703–1709.doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.22393.
- Frosch M, Strey A, Vogl T, et al. Myeloid-related proteins 8 and 14 are specifically secreted during interaction of phagocytes and activated endothelium and are useful markers for monitoring disease activity in pauciarticular-onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43(3):628–637.doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/1529-0131(200003)43:3<628::AID-ANR20>3.0.CO;2-X.
- Nichols BA, Bainton DF, Farquhar MG. Differentiation of monocytes. Origin, nature, and fate of their azurophil granules. J Cell Biol. 1971;50(2):498–515. doi:https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.50.2.498.
- Boyette LB, Macedo C, Hadi K, et al. Phenotype, function, and differentiation potential of human monocyte subsets. PLoS One. 2017;12(4):e0176460.doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176460.
- Ziegler-Heitbrock L, Ancuta P, Crowe S, et al. Nomenclature of monocytes and dendritic cells in blood. Blood. 2010;116(16):e74–80.doi:https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-02-258558.
- Fassl SK, Austermann J, Papantonopoulou O, et al. Transcriptome assessment reveals a dominant role for TLR4 in the activation of human monocytes by the alarmin MRP8. J Immunol. 2015;194(2):575–583.doi:https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1401085.
- Loser K, Vogl T, Voskort M, et al. The Toll-like receptor 4 ligands Mrp8 and Mrp14 are crucial in the development of autoreactive CD8+ T cells. Nat Med. 2010;16(6):713–717.doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2150.
- Pruenster M, Vogl T, Roth J, Sperandio M. S100A8/A9: from basic science to clinical application. Pharmacol Ther. 2016;167:120–131. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.07.015.
- van Lent PL, Grevers L, Blom AB, et al. Myeloid-related proteins S100A8/S100A9 regulate joint inflammation and cartilage destruction during antigen-induced arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67(12):1750–1758.doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2007.077800.
- Vogl T, Tenbrock K, Ludwig S, et al. Mrp8 and Mrp14 are endogenous activators of Toll-like receptor 4, promoting lethal, endotoxin-induced shock. Nat Med. 2007;13(9):1042–1049.doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1638.
- Walscheid K, Heiligenhaus A, Holzinger D, et al. Elevated S100A8/A9 and S100A12 serum levels reflect intraocular inflammation in juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated Uveitis: results from a pilot study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56(13):7653–7660.doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.15-17066.
- Wang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang L, et al. S100A8 promotes migration and infiltration of inflammatory cells in acute anterior uveitis. Sci Rep. 2016;6:36140. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/srep36140.
- Pang J, Yu KQ. Detection and its clinical value of CCR5 and CCR7 in dendritic cells from patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2010;30:2067–2069.
- Moschovakis GL, Bubke A, Friedrichsen M, et al. The chemokine receptor CCR7 is a promising target for rheumatoid arthritis therapy. Cell Mol Immunol. 2018. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-018-0056-5.
- Chalan P, Bijzet J, Kroesen BJ, Boots AM, Brouwer E. Altered natural killer cell subsets in seropositive arthralgia and early rheumatoid arthritis are associated with autoantibody status. J Rheumatol. 2016;43(6):1008–1016. doi:https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.150644.
- Villanueva J, Lee S, Giannini EH, et al. Natural killer cell dysfunction is a distinguishing feature of systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and macrophage activation syndrome. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005;7(1):R30–37.doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/ar1453.
- Schleinitz N, Vely F, Harle JR, Vivier E. Natural killer cells in human autoimmune diseases. Immunology. 2010;131(4):451–458. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03360.x.
- Stansfield BK, Ingram DA. Clinical significance of monocyte heterogeneity. Clin Transl Med. 2015;4:5. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40169-014-0040-3.
- Wong KL, Yeap WH, Tai JJ, Ong SM, Dang TM, Wong SC. The three human monocyte subsets: implications for health and disease. Immunol Res. 2012;53(1–3):41–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-012-8297-3.
- Mitchell AJ, Roediger B, Weninger W. Monocyte homeostasis and the plasticity of inflammatory monocytes. Cell Immunol. 2014;291(1–2):22–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.05.010.
- Cros J, Cagnard N, Woollard K, et al. Human CD14dim monocytes patrol and sense nucleic acids and viruses via TLR7 and TLR8 receptors. Immunity. 2010;33(3):375–386.doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2010.08.012.
- Kim WK, Sun Y, Do H, et al. Monocyte heterogeneity underlying phenotypic changes in monocytes according to SIV disease stage. J Leukoc Biol. 2010;87(4):557–567.doi:https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0209082.
- Wong KL, Tai JJ, Wong WC, et al. Gene expression profiling reveals the defining features of the classical, intermediate, and nonclassical human monocyte subsets. Blood. 2011;118(5):e16–31.doi:https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-12-326355.
- Chuluundorj D, Harding SA, Abernethy D, La Flamme AC. Expansion and preferential activation of the CD14(+)CD16(+) monocyte subset during multiple sclerosis. Immunol Cell Biol. 2014;92(6):509–517. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/icb.2014.15.
- Rossol M, Kraus S, Pierer M, Baerwald C, Wagner U. The CD14(bright) CD16+ monocyte subset is expanded in rheumatoid arthritis and promotes expansion of the Th17 cell population. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(3):671–677. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/art.33418.
- Tsukamoto M, Seta N, Yoshimoto K, Suzuki K, Yamaoka K, Takeuchi T. CD14(bright)CD16+ intermediate monocytes are induced by interleukin-10 and positively correlate with disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2017;19(1):28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-016-1216-6.
- Conrad K, Wu P, Sieper J, Syrbe U. In vivo pre-activation of monocytes in patients with axial spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17:179. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-015-0694-2.
- Surdacki A, Sulicka J, Korkosz M, et al. Blood monocyte heterogeneity and markers of endothelial activation in ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol. 2014;41(3):481–489.doi:https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.130803.
- Lin P, Bach M, Asquith M, et al. HLA-B27 and human beta2-microglobulin affect the gut microbiota of transgenic rats. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e105684.doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105684.
- Rosenbaum JT, Lin P, Asquith M, Costello ME, Kenna TJ, Brown MA. Does the microbiome play a causal role in spondyloarthritis? Clin Rheumatol. 2014;33(6):763–767. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-014-2664-5.
- Huhtinen M, Laasila K, Granfors K, et al. Infectious background of patients with a history of acute anterior uveitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;61(11):1012–1016. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.61.11.1012.
- Nazareth N, Magro F, Silva J, et al. Infliximab therapy increases the frequency of circulating CD16(+) monocytes and modifies macrophage cytokine response to bacterial infection. Clin Exp Immunol. 2014;177(3):703–711.doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.12375.
- Raine T, Brown D, Bowness P, et al. Consistent patterns of expression of HLA class I free heavy chains in healthy individuals and raised expression in spondyloarthropathy patients point to physiological and pathological roles. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006;45(11):1338–1344.doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kel305.
- Sconocchia G, Keyvanfar K, El Ouriaghli F, et al. Phenotype and function of a CD56+ peripheral blood monocyte. Leukemia. 2005;19(1):69–76.doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.leu.2403550.
- Grip O, Bredberg A, Lindgren S, Henriksson G. Increased subpopulations of CD16(+) and CD56(+) blood monocytes in patients with active Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007;13(5):566–572. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ibd.20025.
- Krasselt M, Baerwald C, Wagner U, Rossol M. CD56+ monocytes have a dysregulated cytokine response to lipopolysaccharide and accumulate in rheumatoid arthritis and immunosenescence. Arthritis Res Ther. 2013;15(5):R139. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/ar4321.
- Generali E, Bose T, Selmi C, Voncken JW, Damoiseaux J. Nature versus nurture in the spectrum of rheumatic diseases: classification of spondyloarthritis as autoimmune or autoinflammatory. Autoimmun Rev. 2018;17:935–941. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2018.04.002.
- Vogl T, Stratis A, Wixler V, et al. Autoinhibitory regulation of S100A8/S100A9 alarmin activity locally restricts sterile inflammation. J Clin Invest. 2018. doi:https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI89867.
- Espinosa M, Ramos Giraldez C, Merino C, et al. Utility of fecal calprotectin levels for the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease in patients with spondylorarthritis [abstract]. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2018;70(suppl 10). Accessed December 5, 2018. https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/utility-of-fecal-calprotectin-levels-for-the-diagnosis-of-inflammatory-bowel-disease-in-patients-with-spondylorarthritis/.