References
- Bourne RRA, Stevens GA, White RA, et al. Causes of vision loss worldwide, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2013;1:e339–49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70113-X.
- Homme RP, Singh M, Majumder A, et al. Remodeling of retinal architecture in diabetic retinopathy: disruption of ocular physiology and visual functions by inflammatory gene products and pyroptosis. Front Physiol. 2018;9:1268. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01268.
- Kusuhara S, Fukushima Y, Ogura S, Inoue N, Uemura A. Pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy: the old and the new. Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42:364–376. doi:https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0182.
- Sun Y, Smith LEH. Retinal vasculature in development and diseases. Annu Rev Vis Sci. 2018;4:101–122. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-vision-091517-034018.
- Cheung N, Mitchell P, Wong TY. Diabetic retinopathy. Lancet. 2010;376:124–136. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62124-3.
- Adamis AP, Aiello LP, D’Amato RA. Angiogenesis and ophthalmic disease. Angiogenesis. 1999;3:9–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1009071601454.
- Wang W, Lo ACY. Diabetic retinopathy: pathophysiology and treatments. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19061816.
- Das A, McGuire PG, Rangasamy S. Diabetic macular edema: pathophysiology and novel therapeutic targets. Ophthalmology. 2015;122:1375–1394. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.03.024.
- Cogan DG, Toussaint D, Kuwabara T. Retinal vascular patterns. IV. Diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1961;66:366–378. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1961.00960010368014.
- Barouch FC, Miyamoto K, Allport JR, et al. Integrin-mediated neutrophil adhesion and retinal leukostasis in diabetes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:1153–1158. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10752954.
- Chaurasia SS, Lim RR, Parikh BH, et al. The NLRP3 inflammasome may contribute to pathologic neovascularization in the advanced stages of diabetic retinopathy. Sci Rep. 2018;8:2847. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21198-z.
- Simons M, Gordon E, Claesson-Welsh L. Mechanisms and regulation of endothelial VEGF receptor signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2016;17:611–625. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm.2016.87.
- Kinnunen K, Piippo N, Loukovaara S, Hytti M, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Lysosomal destabilization activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (JHUVECs) cell commun. Signal. 2017;11:275–279. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12079-017-0396-4.
- Hu L, Yang H, Ai M, Jiang S. Inhibition of TLR4 alleviates the inflammation and apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells in high glucose. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2017;255:2199–2210. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-017-3772-0.
- Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network, Wells JA, Glassman AR, et al. Aflibercept, bevacizumab, or ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1193–1203. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1414264.
- Grunwald JE, Daniel E, Huang J, et al. Risk of geographic atrophy in the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials. Ophthalmology. 2014;121:150–161. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.08.015.
- Ogata N, Tombran-Tink J, Jo N, Mrazek D, Matsumura M. Upregulation of pigment epithelium-derived factor after laser photocoagulation. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;132:427–429. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(01)01021-2.
- Arnarsson A, Stefánsson E. Laser treatment and the mechanism of edema reduction in branch retinal vein occlusion. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:877–879. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10711707.
- Wong TY, Sun J, Kawasaki R, et al. Guidelines on diabetic eye care: the international council of ophthalmology recommendations for screening, follow-up, referral, and treatment based on resource settings. Ophthalmology. 2018;125:1608–1622. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.04.007.
- Campochiaro PA, Brown DM, Pearson A, et al. Long-term benefit of sustained-delivery fluocinolone acetonide vitreous inserts for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:626–635.e2. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.12.028.
- Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network, Elman MJ, Aiello LP, et al. Randomized trial evaluating ranibizumab plus prompt or deferred laser or triamcinolone plus prompt laser for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2010;117:1064–1077.e35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.02.031.
- Yang Y, Wang H, Kouadir M, Song H, Shi F. Recent advances in the mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and its inhibitors. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10:128. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-019-1413-8.
- Tschopp J, Schroder K. NLRP3 inflammasome activation: the convergence of multiple signalling pathways on ROS production? Nat Rev Immunol. 2010;10:210–215. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2725.
- Maslanik T, Mahaffey L, Tannura K, Beninson L, Greenwood BN, Fleshner M. The inflammasome and danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are implicated in cytokine and chemokine responses following stressor exposure. Brain Behav Immun. 2013;28:54–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2012.10.014.
- Savage CD, Lopez-Castejon G, Denes A, Brough D. NLRP3-inflammasome activating DAMPs stimulate an inflammatory response in Glia in the absence of priming which contributes to brain inflammation after injury. Front Immunol. 2012;3:288. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2012.00288.
- Davis BK, Wen H, Ting JP-Y. The inflammasome NLRs in immunity, inflammation, and associated diseases. Annu Rev Immunol. 2011;29:707–735. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101405.
- Yerramothu P, Vijay AK, Willcox MDP. Inflammasomes, the eye and anti-inflammasome therapy. Eye. 2018;32:491–505. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2017.241.
- Kim YK, Shin JS, Nahm MH. NOD-like receptors in infection, immunity, and diseases. Yonsei Med J. 2016;57:5–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2016.57.1.5.
- Sepehri Z, Kiani Z, Afshari M, Kohan F, Dalvand A, Ghavami S. Inflammasomes and type 2 diabetes: an updated systematic review. Immunol Lett. 2017;192:97–103. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2017.10.010.
- Hornung V, Latz E. Critical functions of priming and lysosomal damage for NLRP3 activation. Eur J Immunol. 2010;40:620–623. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.200940185.
- Jo E-K, Kim JK, Shin D-M, Sasakawa C. Molecular mechanisms regulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Immunol. 2016;13:148–159.
- Mandrup-Poulsen T. The role of interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis of IDDM. Diabetologia. 1996;39:1005–1029. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00400649.
- Lee H-M, Kim -J-J, Kim HJ, Shong M, Ku BJ, Jo E-K. Upregulated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2013;62:194–204. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/db12-0420.
- Maedler K, Sergeev P, Ris F, et al. Glucose-induced beta cell production of IL-1beta contributes to glucotoxicity in human pancreatic islets. J Clin Invest. 2002;110:851–860. doi:https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI15318.
- Vincent JA, Mohr S. Inhibition of caspase-1/interleukin-1beta signaling prevents degeneration of retinal capillaries in diabetes and galactosemia. Diabetes. 2007;56:224–230. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/db06-0427.
- Chen W, Zhao M, Zhao S, et al. Activation of the TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway contributes to inflammation in diabetic retinopathy: a novel inhibitory effect of minocycline. Inflamm Res. 2017;66:157–166. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-016-1002-6.
- Lebreton F, Berishvili E, Parnaud G, et al. NLRP3 inflammasome is expressed and regulated in human islets. Cell Death Dis. 2018;9:726. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-018-0764-x.
- Loukovaara S, Piippo N, Kinnunen K, Hytti M, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. NLRP3 inflammasome activation is associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol. 2017;95:803–808. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.13427.
- Chen H, Zhang X, Liao N, et al. Enhanced expression of NLRP3 inflammasome-related inflammation in diabetic retinopathy. Science. 2018;59:978–985. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.17-22816.
- Song Z, Sun M, Zhou F, Huang F, Qu J, Chen D. Increased intravitreous interleukin-18 correlated to vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with active proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2014;252:1229–1234. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-014-2586-6.
- Yin Y, Chen F, Wang W, Wang H, Zhang X. Resolvin D1 inhibits inflammatory response in STZ-induced diabetic retinopathy rats: possible involvement of NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB signaling pathway. Mol Vis. 2017;23:242–250. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28465656.
- Rivera JC, Sitaras N, Noueihed B, et al. Microglia and interleukin-1β in ischemic retinopathy elicit microvascular degeneration through neuronal semaphorin-3A. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013;33:1881–1891. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.301331.
- Liu Q, Zhang F, Zhang X, et al. Fenofibrate ameliorates diabetic retinopathy by modulating Nrf2 signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Mol Cell Biochem. 2018;445:105–115. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-017-3256-x.
- Devi TS, Lee I, Hüttemann M, Kumar A, Nantwi KD, Singh LP. TXNIP links innate host defense mechanisms to oxidative stress and inflammation in retinal Muller glia under chronic hyperglycemia: implications for diabetic retinopathy. Exp Diabetes Res. 2012;2012:438238. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/438238.
- Shi H, Zhang Z, Wang X, et al. Inhibition of autophagy induces IL-1β release from ARPE-19 cells via ROS mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation under high glucose stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2015;463:1071–1076. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.060.
- Liu J, Copland DA, Theodoropoulou S, et al. Impairing autophagy in retinal pigment epithelium leads to inflammasome activation and enhanced macrophage-mediated angiogenesis. Sci Rep. 2016;6:20639. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20639.
- Gao J, Cui JZ, To E, Cao S, Matsubara JA. Evidence for the activation of pyroptotic and apoptotic pathways in RPE cells associated with NLRP3 inflammasome in the rodent eye. J Neuroinflammation. 2018;15:15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-018-1062-3.
- Mugisho OO, Green CR, Kho DT, et al. The inflammasome pathway is amplified and perpetuated in an autocrine manner through connexin43 hemichannel mediated ATP release. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 2018;1862:385–393. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.11.015.
- Muñoz-Planillo R, Kuffa P, Martínez-Colón G, Smith BL, Rajendiran TM, Núñez G. K+ efflux is the common trigger of NLRP3 inflammasome activation by bacterial toxins and particulate matter. Immunity. 2013;38:1142–1153. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2013.05.016.
- Broz P, Dixit VM. Inflammasomes: mechanism of assembly, regulation and signalling. Nat Rev Immunol. 2016;16:407–420. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nri.2016.58.
- Mugisho OO, Green CR, Zhang J, Acosta ML, Rupenthal ID. Connexin43 hemichannels: a potential drug target for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Drug Discov Today. 2019;24:1627–1636. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2019.01.011.
- Contreras JE, Sáez JC, Bukauskas FF, Bennett MVL. Gating and regulation of connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:11388–11393. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1434298100.
- Giaume C, Leybaert L, Naus CC, Sáez JC. Connexin and pannexin hemichannels in brain glial cells: properties, pharmacology, and roles. Front Pharmacol. 2013;4. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2013.00088.
- Green CR, Nor MNM, Mugisho OO, Rupenthal ID, Squirrell DM, Acosta ML. Connexin hemichannel block shuts down inflammation in an animal model of chronic diabetic retinopathy to improve structural and functional outcomes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;60:2784.
- Wang S, Ji L-Y, Li L, Li J-M. Oxidative stress, autophagy and pyroptosis in the neovascularization of oxygen-induced retinopathy in mice. Mol Med Rep. 2019;19:927–934. doi:https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9759.
- Chen Y, Wang L, Pitzer AL, Li X, P-L L, Zhang Y. Contribution of redox-dependent activation of endothelial NLRP3 inflammasomes to hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction. J Mol Med. 2016;94:1335–1347. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-016-1481-5.
- Calderon GD, Juarez OH, Hernandez GE, Punzo SM, De la Cruz ZD. Oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy: development and treatment. Eye. 2017;31:1122–1130. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2017.64.
- Nakahira K, Haspel JA, Rathinam VAK, et al. Autophagy proteins regulate innate immune responses by inhibiting the release of mitochondrial DNA mediated by the NALP3 inflammasome. Nat Immunol. 2011;12:222–230. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.1980.
- Kumar A, Mittal R. Mapping Txnip: key connexions in progression of diabetic nephropathy. Pharmacol Rep. 2018;70:614–622. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharep.2017.12.008.
- Hwang J, Suh H-W, Jeon YH, et al. The structural basis for the negative regulation of thioredoxin by thioredoxin-interacting protein. Nat Commun. 2014;5:2958. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3958.
- Zhou R, Tardivel A, Thorens B, Choi I, Tschopp J. Thioredoxin-interacting protein links oxidative stress to inflammasome activation. Nat Immunol. 2010;11:136–140. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.1831.
- Singh LP, Devi TS, Yumnamcha T. The role of txnip in mitophagy dysregulation and inflammasome activation in diabetic retinopathy: a new perspective. JOJ Ophthalmol. 2017;4. doi:https://doi.org/10.19080/jojo.2017.04.555643.
- Perrone L, Devi TS, Hosoya K-I, Terasaki T, Singh LP. Inhibition of TXNIP expression in vivo blocks early pathologies of diabetic retinopathy. Cell Death Dis. 2010;1:e65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2010.42.
- Shalev A. Minireview: thioredoxin-interacting protein: regulation and function in the pancreatic β-celll. Mo Endocrinol. 2014;28:1211–1220. doi:https://doi.org/10.1210/me.2014-1095.
- El-Osta A, Brasacchio D, Yao D, et al. Transient high glucose causes persistent epigenetic changes and altered gene expression during subsequent normoglycemia. J Exp Med. 2008;205:2409–2417. doi:https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20081188.
- Devi TS, Somayajulu M, Kowluru RA, Singh LP. TXNIP regulates mitophagy in retinal Müller cells under high-glucose conditions: implications for diabetic retinopathy. Cell Death Dis. 2017;8:e2777. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2017.190.
- Okada M, Matsuzawa A, Yoshimura A, Ichijo H. The lysosome rupture-activated TAK1-JNK pathway regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation. J Biol Chem. 2014;289:32926–32936. doi:https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M114.579961.
- Piippo N, Korkmaz A, Hytti M, et al. Decline in cellular clearance systems induces inflammasome signaling in human ARPE-19 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014;1843:3038–3046. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.09.015.
- Thounaojam MC, Montemari A, Powell FL, et al. Monosodium urate contributes to retinal inflammation and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes. 2019;68:1014–1025. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/db18-0912.
- Gao J, Liu RT, Cao S, et al. NLRP3 inflammasome: activation and regulation in age-related macular degeneration. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:690243. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/690243.
- Kono H, Chen C-J, Ontiveros F, Rock KL. Uric acid promotes an acute inflammatory response to sterile cell death in mice. J Clin Invest. 2010;120:1939–1949. doi:https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI40124.
- Schoenberger SD, Kim SJ, Sheng J, Rezaei KA, Lalezary M, Cherney E. Increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and correlation with VEGF and inflammatory cytokines. Inv Ophthalmol Visual Sci. 2012;53:5906–5911. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.12-10410.
- Schütt F, Bergmann M, Holz FG, Kopitz J. Isolation of intact lysosomes from human RPE cells and effects of A2-E on the integrity of the lysosomal and other cellular membranes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2002;240:983–988.
- Wang Y, Tao J, Yao Y. Prostaglandin E2 activates NLRP3 inflammasome in endothelial cells to promote diabetic retinopathy. Horm Metab Res. 2018;50:704–710. doi:https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0664-0699.
- Wang M, Wang Y, Xie T, et al. Prostaglandin E2/EP2 receptor signalling pathway promotes diabetic retinopathy in a rat model of diabetes. Diabetologia. 2019;62:335–348. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-018-4755-3.
- Johnson EI, Dunlop ME, Larkins RG. Increased vasodilatory prostaglandin production in the diabetic rat retinal vasculature. Curr Eye Res. 1999;18:79–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1076/ceyr.18.2.79.5386.
- Yanni SE, Barnett JM, Clark ML, Penn JS. The role of PGE2 receptor EP4 in pathologic ocular angiogenesis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50:5479–5486. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.09-3652.
- Cheng T, Cao W, Wen R, Steinberg RH, LaVail MM. Prostaglandin E2 induces vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor mRNA expression in cultured rat Müller cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998;39:581–591. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9501870.
- Shen J, Choy DF, Yoshida T, et al. Interleukin-18 has antipermeablity and antiangiogenic activities in the eye: reciprocal suppression with VEGF. J Cell Physiol. 2014;229:974–983. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.24575.
- Hirano Y, Yasuma T, Mizutani T, et al. IL-18 is not therapeutic for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Nat Med. 2014;20:1372–1375. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3671.
- Di Virgilio F. The therapeutic potential of modifying inflammasomes and NOD-like receptors. Pharmacol Rev. 2013;65:872–905. doi:https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.112.006171.
- Ildefonso CJ, Jaime H, Rahman MM, et al. Gene delivery of a viral anti-inflammatory protein to combat ocular inflammation. Hum Gene Ther. 2015;26:59–68.
- Fabiani C, Sota J, Tosi GM, et al. The emerging role of interleukin (IL)-1 in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory and degenerative eye diseases. Clin Rheumatol. 2017;36:2307–2318. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-016-3527-z.
- Johnston JB, Barrett JW, Nazarian SH, et al. A poxvirus-encoded pyrin domain protein interacts with ASC-1 to inhibit host inflammatory and apoptotic responses to infection. Immunity. 2005;23:587–598. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2005.10.003.
- Shi H, Wang Y, Li X, et al. NLRP3 activation and mitosis are mutually exclusive events coordinated by NEK7, a new inflammasome component. Nat Immunol. 2016;17:250–258. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.3333.
- Zhang Y, Lv X, Hu Z, et al. Protection of Mcc950 against high-glucose-induced human retinal endothelial cell dysfunction. Cell Death Dis. 2017;8:e2941. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2017.308.
- Coll RC, Robertson AAB, Chae JJ, et al. A small-molecule inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Nat Med. 2015;21:248–255. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3806.
- Zhai Y, Meng X, Ye T, Xie W, Sun G, Sun X. Inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome activation with MCC950 ameliorates diabetic encephalopathy in db/db mice. Molecules. 2018;23. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23030522.
- Hill JR, Coll RC, Sue N, et al. Sulfonylureas as concomitant insulin secretagogues and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors. ChemMedChem. 2017;12:1449–1457. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/cmdc.201700270.
- Berger EA, Carion TW, Jiang Y, et al. β-adrenergic receptor agonist, compound 49b, inhibits TLR4 signaling pathway in diabetic retina. Immunol Cell Biol. 2016;94:656–661. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/icb.2016.21.
- Jiang Y, Liu L, Steinle JJ. Compound 49b regulates ZO-1 and occludin levels in human retinal endothelial cells and in mouse retinal vasculature. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58:185–189. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.16-20412.
- Jiang Y, Liu L, Curtiss E, Steinle JJ. Epac1 blocks NLRP3 inflammasome to reduce IL-1β in retinal endothelial cells and mouse retinal vasculature. Mediators Inflamm. 2017;2017:2860956. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2860956.
- Kim EJ, Park SY, Baek SE, et al. HMGB1 increases IL-1β production in vascular smooth muscle cells via NLRP3 inflammasome. Front Physiol. 2018;9:313. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00313.
- van Beijnum JR, Buurman WA, Griffioen AW. Convergence and amplification of toll-like receptor (TLR) and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) signaling pathways via high mobility group B1 (HMGB1). Angiogenesis. 2008;11:91–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10456-008-9093-5.
- Payne JF, Ray R, Watson DG, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency in diabetic retinopathy. Endocr Pract. 2012;18:185–193. doi:https://doi.org/10.4158/EP11147.OR.
- Lu L, Lu Q, Chen W, Li J, Li C, Zheng Z. Vitamin D3 protects against diabetic retinopathy by inhibiting high-glucose-induced activation of the ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. J Diabetes Res. 2018;2018:8193523. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8193523.
- Kowluru RA, Mohammad G, Santos JM, Tewari S, Zhong Q. Interleukin-1β and mitochondria damage, and the development of diabetic retinopathy. J Ocul Biol Dis Infor. 2011;4:3–9.
- Li S, Yang H, Chen X. Protective effects of sulforaphane on diabetic retinopathy: activation of the NRF2 pathway and inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome formation. Exp Anim. 2019;68:221–231. doi:https://doi.org/10.1538/expanim.18-0146.
- Keech AC, Mitchell P, Summanen PA, et al. Effect of fenofibrate on the need for laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy (FIELD study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;370:1687–1697. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61607-9.
- ACCORD Study Group, ACCORD Eye Study Group, Chew EY, Ambrosius WT, Davis MD, et al. Effects of medical therapies on retinopathy progression in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:233–244. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1001288.
- Hao J, Zhang H, Yu J, Chen X, Yang L. Methylene blue attenuates diabetic retinopathy by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2019;27:836–843. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2018.1450516.
- Krady JK, Basu A, Allen CM, et al. Minocycline reduces proinflammatory cytokine expression, microglial activation, and caspase-3 activation in a rodent model of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes. 2005;54:1559–1565. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.54.5.1559.