References
- Mathew RG, Goh BT, Westcott MC. British ocular syphilis study (BOSS): 2-year national surveillance study of intraocular inflammation secondary to ocular syphilis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55(8):5394–5400. doi:10.1167/iovs.14-14559.
- Oliver SE, Aubin M, Atwell L, et al. Ocular syphilis - eight jurisdictions, United States, 2014-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65(43):1185–1188. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6543a2.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2018. 2019. Accessed January 14, 2020. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats18/STDSurveillance2018-full-report.pdf
- Hook EWR. Syphilis. Lancet. 2017;389(10078):1550–1557. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32411-4.
- Rowley J, Vander Hoorn S, Korenromp E, et al. Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis: global prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016. Bull World Health Organ. 2019;97(8):548–562. doi:10.2471/BLT.18.228486.
- Furtado JM, Arantes TE, Nascimento H, et al. Clinical manifestations and ophthalmic outcomes of ocular syphilis at a time of re-emergence of the systemic infection. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):12071. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-30559-7.
- Oliver SE, Cope AB, Rinsky JL, et al. Increases in ocular syphilis-North Carolina, 2014-2015. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65(10):1676–1682. doi:10.1093/cid/cix604.
- Oliver GF, Stathis RM, Furtado JM, et al. Current ophthalmology practice patterns for syphilitic uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2019;103(11):1645–1649. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313207.
- Moradi A, Salek S, Daniel E, et al. Clinical features and incidence rates of ocular complications in patients with ocular syphilis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015;159(2):334–343.e1. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2014.10.030.
- Huang D, Swanson EA, Lin CP, et al. Optical coherence tomography. Science. 1991;254(5035):1178–1181. doi:10.1126/science.1957169.
- Pichi F, Ciardella AP, Cunningham ET Jr., et al. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography findings in patients with acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinopathy. Retina. 2014;34(2):373–384. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182993f11.
- De Souza EC, Jalkh AE, Trempe CL, et al. Unusual central chorioretinitis as the first manifestation of early secondary syphilis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1988;105(3):271–276. doi:10.1016/0002-9394(88)90009-8.
- Gass JD, Braunstein RA, Chenoweth RG. Acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis. Ophthalmology. 1990;97(10):1288–1297. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(90)32418-1.
- Lima BR, Mandelcorn ED, Bakshi N, et al. Syphilitic outer retinopathy. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2014;22(1):4–8. doi:10.3109/09273948.2013.841960.
- Saleh MG, Campbell JP, Yang P, Lin P. Ultra-wide-field fundus autofluorescence and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography findings in syphilitic outer retinitis. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2017;48(3):208–215. doi:10.3928/23258160-20170301-03.
- Schlaen A, Ingolotti M, Couto C, Saravia M. Spectral optical coherence tomography findings in an elderly patient with syphilitic bilateral chronic panuveitis. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2018;9:56–61. doi:10.1016/j.ajoc.2018.01.012.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015 sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines: syphilis. 2015. Accessed January 14, 2020. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/syphilis.html
- Jabs DA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT. Standardization of uveitis nomenclature (SUN) working group. Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data. results of the first international workshop. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140:509–516.
- Hoang QV, Cunningham ET Jr., Sorenson JA, Freund KB. The “pitchfork sign” a distinctive optical coherence tomography finding in inflammatory choroidal neovascularization. Retina. 2013;33(5):1049–1055. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e31827e25b8.
- Lin D, Chen W, Zhang G, et al. Comparison of the optical coherence tomographic characters between acute Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease and acute central serous chorioretinopathy. BMC Ophthalmol. 2014;14:87. doi:10.1186/1471-2415-14-87.
- Edmondson DG, Hu B, Norris SJ. Long-term in vitro culture of the syphilis spirochete Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum. MBio. 2018;9(3):e01153–18. doi:10.1128/mBio.01153-18.
- Paim J, Travassos C, Almeida C, et al. The Brazilian health system: history, advances, and challenges. Lancet. 2011;377(9779):1778–1797. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60054-8.
- Alexander P, Wen Y, Baxter JM, et al. Visual evoked potential (VEP) and multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) in ocular syphilitic posterior segment inflammation. Doc Ophthalmol. 2012;125(2):169–178. doi:10.1007/s10633-012-9339-9.