References
- Guan W-J, Ni Z-Y, Hu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708–1720. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032.
- Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497–506. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
- Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1033–1034. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0.
- Connors JM, Levy JH. Thromboinflammation and the hypercoagulability of COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(7):1559–1561. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.14849.
- Nishiga M, Wang DW, Han Y, Lewis DB, Wu JC. COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease: from basic mechanisms to clinical perspectives. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020;17(9):543–558. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-020-0413-9.
- Invernizzi A, Pellegrini M, Messenio D, et al. Impending central retinal vein occlusion in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020;28(8):1290–1292.
- Rifino N, Censori B, Agazzi E, et al. Neurologic manifestations in 1760 COVID-19 patients admitted to Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy. J Neurol. 2020;7:1–8.
- Ho D, Low R, Tong L, Gupta V, Veeraraghavan A, Agrawal R. COVID-19 and the ocular surface: a review of transmission and manifestations. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020;28(5):726–734. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2020.1772313.
- Acharya S, Diamond M, Anwar S, Glaser A, Tyagi P. Unique case of central retinal artery occlusion secondary to COVID-19 disease. IDCases 2020;21:e00867–e. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00867.
- Kanberg N, Ashton NJ, Andersson LM, et al. Neurochemical evidence of astrocytic and neuronal injury commonly found in COVID-19. Neurology. 2020;95(12):e1754–e9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000010111.
- Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181(2):271–80.e8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052.
- De Figueiredo CS, Raony Í, Giestal-de-araujo E. SARS-CoV-2 targeting the retina: host–virus interaction and possible mechanisms of viral tropism. Ocular Immunol Inflammation. 2020:28(8):1301–1304.
- Collin J, Queen R, Zerti D, et al. Co-expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the superficial adult human conjunctival, limbal and corneal epithelium suggests an additional route of entry via the ocular surface. Ocul Surf. 2020:S1542–0124(20)30097–5. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2020.05.013.
- Raony Í, Saggioro De Figueiredo C. Retinal outcomes of COVID-19: possible role of CD147 and cytokine storm in infected patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;165:108280. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108280.
- Casagrande M, Fitzek A, Püschel K, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in human retinal biopsies of deceased COVID-19 patients. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020;28(5):721–725. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2020.1770301.
- Gangaputra SS, Patel SN. Ocular symptoms among nonhospitalized patients who underwent COVID-19 testing. Ophthalmology. 2020;127(10):1425–1427. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.06.037.
- Chen L, Deng C, Chen X, et al. Ocular manifestations and clinical characteristics of 535 cases of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a cross-sectional study. Acta Ophthalmol. 2020. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.14472.
- Wu P, Duan F, Luo C, et al. Characteristics of ocular findings of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei Province, China. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2020;138(5):575–578. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.1291.
- Marinho PM, Marcos AAA, Romano AC, Nascimento H, Belfort R Jr. Retinal findings in patients with COVID-19. Lancet. 2020;395(10237):1610. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31014-X.
- Invernizzi A, Torre A, Parrulli S, et al. Retinal findings in patients with COVID-19: results from the SERPICO-19 study. EClinicalMedicine. 2020:100550. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100550.
- Ma N, Li P, Wang X, et al. Ocular manifestations and clinical characteristics of children with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2020;138(10):1079–1086. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.3690.
- Pereira LA, Soares LCM, Nascimento PA, et al. Retinal findings in hospitalised patients with severe COVID-19. British J Ophthalmol. 2020. bjophthalmol–2020–317576. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-317576.
- Ulhaq ZS, Soraya GV. The prevalence of ophthalmic manifestations in COVID-19 and the diagnostic value of ocular tissue/fluid. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020;258(6):1351–1352. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-020-04695-8.
- Olson DJ, Ghosh A, Zhang AY. Ophthalmic manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 and ocular side effects of investigational pharmacologic agents. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2020;31(5):403–415. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/ICU.0000000000000682.
- Seah I, Agrawal R. Can the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affect the eyes? A review of coronaviruses and ocular implications in humans and animals. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020;28(3):391–395. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2020.1738501.
- Zhou Y, Duan C, Zeng Y, et al. Ocular findings and proportion with conjunctival SARS-COV-2 in COVID-19 patients. Ophthalmology. 2020;127(7):982–983. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.04.028.
- Landecho MF, Yuste JR, Gándara E, et al. COVID-19 retinal microangiopathy as an in vivo biomarker of systemic vascular disease? J Intern Med. 2021;289(1):116–120. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13156.
- Pirraglia MP, Ceccarelli G, Cerini A, et al. Retinal involvement and ocular findings in COVID-19 pneumonia patients. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):17419. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74446-6.
- Guo D, Xia J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Shen Y, Tong J-P. Relapsing viral keratoconjunctivitis in COVID-19: a case report. Virol J. 2020;17(1):97. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-020-01370-6.
- Lim LW, Tan GS, Yong V, et al. Acute onset of bilateral follicular conjunctivitis in two patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020;28(8):1280–1284. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2020.1821901.
- Dutescu RM, Banasik P, Schildgen O, Schrage N, Uthoff D. Detection of coronavirus in tear samples of hospitalized patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 from oropharyngeal swabs. Cornea. 2020. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0000000000002562.
- Jin SX, Juthani VV. Acute corneal endothelial graft rejection with coinciding COVID-19 Infection. Cornea. 2021;40(1):123–124. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0000000000002556.
- Bettach E, Zadok D, Weill Y, Brosh K, Hanhart J. Bilateral anterior uveitis as a part of a multisystem inflammatory syndrome secondary to COVID-19 infection. J Med Virol. 2020. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26229.
- Otaif W, Al Somali AI, Al Habash A. Episcleritis as a possible presenting sign of the novel coronavirus disease: a case report. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2020;20:100917. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoc.2020.100917.
- Benito-Pascual B, Gegúndez JA, Díaz-Valle D, et al. Panuveitis and optic neuritis as a possible initial presentation of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020;28(6):922–925. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2020.1792512.
- Dinkin M, Gao V, Kahan J, et al. COVID-19 presenting with ophthalmoparesis from cranial nerve palsy. Neurology. 2020;95(5):221–223. doi:https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000009700.
- Hussman JP. Cellular and molecular pathways of COVID-19 and potential points of therapeutic intervention. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:1169. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.01169.
- Biswas S, Thakur V, Kaur P, Khan A, Kulshrestha S, Kumar P. Blood clots in COVID-19 patients: simplifying the curious mystery. Med Hypotheses. 2021;146:110371. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110371.
- Choudhary R, Kapoor MS, Singh A, Bodakhe SH. Therapeutic targets of renin-angiotensin system in ocular disorders. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2017;29(1):7–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joco.2016.09.009.
- Senanayake P, Drazba J, Shadrach K, et al. Angiotensin II and its receptor subtypes in the human retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48(7):3301–3311. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.06-1024.
- Collison FT, Carroll J. Seeking clarity on retinal findings in patients with COVID-19. Lancet. 2020;396(10254):e38–e. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31917-6.
- Duh EJ. Seeking clarity on retinal findings in patients with COVID-19. Lancet. 2020;396(10254):e39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31913-9.
- Brandão-de-resende C, Diniz-Filho A, Vasconcelos-Santos DV. Seeking clarity on retinal findings in patients with COVID-19. Lancet. 2020;396(10254):e37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31918-8.
- Vavvas DG, Sarraf D, Sadda SR, et al. Concerns about the interpretation of OCT and fundus findings in COVID-19 patients in recent Lancet publication. Eye (Lond). 2020;34(12):2153–2154. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-020-1084-9.
- Marinho PM, Nascimento H, Marcos AAA, Romano AC, Belfort R Jr. Seeking clarity on retinal findings in patients with COVID-19; Authors’ reply. Lancet. 2020;396(10254):e40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31912-7.
- Marinho PM, Nascimento H, Marcos AAA, Romano AC, Rosen RB, Belfort R Jr. Reply to editorial: interpretation of OCT and fundus findings in COVID-19 patients in recent Lancet publication. Eye (Lond). 2020;1–3. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-020-01283-2. Epub ahead of print.
- Insausti-García A, Reche-Sainz JA, Ruiz-Arranz C, López Vázquez Á, Ferro-Osuna M. Papillophlebitis in a COVID-19 patient: inflammation and hypercoagulable state. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2020;1120672120947591. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1120672120947591.
- Zago Filho LA, Lima LH, Melo GB, Zett C, Farah ME. Vitritis and outer retinal abnormalities in a patient with COVID-19. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020;28(8):1298–1300. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2020.1821898.
- Virgo J, Mohamed M. Paracentral acute middle maculopathy and acute macular neuroretinopathy following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eye (Lond). 2020;34(12):2352–2353. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-020-1069-8.
- Gascon P, Briantais A, Bertrand E, et al. Covid-19-associated retinopathy: a case report. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020;28(8):1293–1297. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2020.1825751.
- De Almeida-pititto B, Dualib PM, Zajdenverg L, et al. Severity and mortality of COVID 19 in patients with diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2020;12(1):75. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-020-00586-4.
- Matsushita K, Ding N, Kou M, et al. The relationship of COVID-19 severity with cardiovascular disease and its traditional risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Glob Heart. 2020;15(1):64. doi:https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.814.
- Bae S, Kim SR, Kim M-N, Shim WJ, Park S-M. Impact of cardiovascular disease and risk factors on fatal outcomes in patients with COVID-19 according to age: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. 2020. heartjnl–2020–317901. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317901.
- Apicella M, Campopiano MC, Mantuano M, Mazoni L, Coppelli A, Del Prato S. COVID-19 in people with diabetes: understanding the reasons for worse outcomes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(9):782–792. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30238-2.
- Callender LA, Curran M, Bates SM, Mairesse M, Weigandt J, Betts CJ. The impact of pre-existing comorbidities and therapeutic interventions on COVID-19. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1991. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01991.
- Piippo N, Korhonen E, Hytti M, et al. Hsp90 inhibition as a means to inhibit activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):6720. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25123-2.
- Feenstra DJ, Yego EC, Mohr S. Modes of retinal cell death in diabetic retinopathy. J Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2013;4(5):298. doi:https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9570.1000298.