Didanosine-induced Retinopathy: New Insights with Long-term Follow-up

References

• Whitcup SM, Butler KM, Caruso R, et al. Retinal toxicity in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children treated with 2ʹ,3ʹ-dideoxyinosine. Am J Ophthalmol. 1992 Jan 15;113(1):1–7. doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(14)75744-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitcup SM, Butler KM, Pizzo PA, Nussenblatt RB. Retinal lesions in children treated with dideoxyinosine. N Engl J Med. Apr 30 1992;326(18):1226–1227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernando AI, Anderson OA, Holder GE, Mitchell SM. Didanosine-induced retinopathy in adults can be reversible. Eye (Lond). 2006 Dec;20(12):1435–1437. doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6702298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto R, Lino S, Nogueira V, Fonseca A, Ornelas C. A woman with didanosine retinopathy and non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. Int J STD AIDS. 2013 Mar;24(3):247–249. doi:10.1177/0956462412472817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haug SJ, Wong RW, Day S, et al. Didanosine retinal toxicity. Retina. 2016 Dec;36(Suppl 1):S159–S167. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000001267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shifera AS, Singh M. Multimodal imaging in didanosine retinopathy. Retin Cases Brief Rep. Jul 13 2018. doi:10.1097/ICB.0000000000000781.
   Google Scholar
• McCulloch DL, Marmor MF, Brigell MG, et al. ISCEV standard for full-field clinical electroretinography (2015 update). Doc Ophthalmol. 2015 Feb;130(1):1–12. doi:10.1007/s10633-014-9473-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters L, Maitland D, Moyle GJ. Tenofovir and didanosine: a dangerous liaison. AIDS Read. 2005 Aug;15(8):403–6,413.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hawkins S, Ball C. Adverse events experienced by three children taking tenofovir and didanosine in combination. HIV Med. 2007 Sep;8(6):411. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1293.2007.00497.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearney BP, Flaherty JF, Shah J. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2004;43(9):595–612. doi:10.2165/00003088-200443090-00003.
   Google Scholar
• Pilli S, Lip PL. Reversible retinal toxicity in early oral entecavir therapy for hepatitis-B infection. Eye (Lond). 2018 Nov;32(11):1792–1794. doi:10.1038/s41433-018-0156-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muqit MK, Stanga PE, Vilar FJ, Patton N. Presumed entecavir-induced ocular toxicity. Eye (Lond). 2011 Dec;25(12):1665–1668. doi:10.1038/eye.2011.259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abalem MF, Carricondo PC, Rao RC. Bullseye retinopathy from antiretroviral therapy. Ophthalmology. 2017 Oct;124(10):1539. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.04.001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Faure C, Paques M, Audo I. Electrophysiological features and multimodal imaging in ritonavir-related maculopathy. Doc Ophthamol. Dec 2017;135(3):241–248. doi:10.1007/s10633-017-9612-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biancardi AL, Curi AL. Retinal toxicity related to long-term use of ritonavir. Retina. 2016 Jan;36(1):229–231. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000000695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papavasileiou E, Younis S, Zygoura V, Quijano C, Jackson TL. Ritonavir-associated toxicity mimicking retinitis pigmentosa in an HIV-infected patient on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2017 Fall;11(4):306–309. doi:10.1097/ICB.0000000000000350.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gabrielian A, MacCumber MM, Kukuyev A, et al. Didanosine-associated retinal toxicity in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013 Feb;131(2):255–259. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curcio CA, Sloan KR, Kalina RE, Hendrickson AE. Human photoreceptor topography. J Comp Neurol. 1990 Feb 22;292(4):497–523. doi:10.1002/cne.902920402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitcup SM, Dastgheib K, Nussenblatt RB, et al. A clinicopathologic report of the retinal lesions associated with didanosine. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994 Dec;112(2):1594–1598. doi:10.1001/archopht.1994.01090240100033.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nguyen-Legros J, Hicks D. Renewal of photoreceptor outer segments and their phagocytosis by the retinal pigment epithelium. Int Rev Cytol. 2000;196:245–313. doi:10.1016/s0074-7696(00)96006-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanderson J, Dartt DA, Trinkaus-Randall V, et al. Purines in the eye: recent evidence for the physiological and pathological role of purines in the RPE, retinal neurons, astrocytes, Müller cells, lens, trabecular meshwork, cornea and lacrimal gland. Exp Eye Res. 2014 Oct;127:270–279. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2014.08.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guha S, Baltazar GC, Coffey EE, et al. Lysosomal alkalinization, lipid oxidation, and reduced phagosome clearance triggered by activation of the P2X7 receptor. FASEB J. 2013 Nov;27(11):4500–4509. doi:10.1096/fj.13-236166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Lu W, Reigada D, et al. Restoration of lysosomal pH in RPE cells from cultured human and ABCA4(-/-)mice: pharmacologic approaches and functional recovery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008 Feb;49(2):772–780. doi:10.1167/iovs.07-0675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen SY, Dubois L, Nghiem-Buffet S, et al. Retinal pseudocysts in age-related geographic atrophy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010 Aug;150(2):211–217.e1. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2010.02.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gualino V, Cohen SY, Delyfer MN, Sahel JA, Gaudric A. Optical coherence tomography findings in tamoxifen retinopathy. Case Reports Am J Ophthalmol. Oct 2005;140(4):757–758. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2005.04.042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaudric A, Ducos de Lahitte G, Cohen SY, Massin P, Haouchine B. Optical coherence tomography in group 2A idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasis. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124(10):1410–1419. doi:10.1001/archopht.124.10.1410.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen X, Kuehlewein L, Pineles SL, et al. En face optical coherence tomography of macular microcysts due to optic neuropathy from neuromyelitis optica. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2015 Fall;9(4):302–306. doi:10.1097/ICB.0000000000000197.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wolff B, Basdekidou C, Vasseur V, et al. Retinal inner nuclear layer microcystic changes in optic nerve atrophy: a novel spectral-domain OCT finding. Retina. 2013;33(10):2133–2213. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e31828e68d0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff B, Azar G, Vasseur V. et al. Microcystic changes in the retinal internal nuclear layer associated with optic atrophy: a prospective study. J Ophthalmol. 2014;2014:1–5. doi:10.1155/2014/395189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogler S, Grosche A, Pannicke T, et al. Hypoosmotic and glutamate-induced swelling of bipolar cells in the rat retina: comparison with swelling of Müller glial cells. J Neurochem. 2013 Aug;126(3):372–381. doi:10.1111/jnc.12307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar