References
- Bloch RS, Gartner S. The incidence of ocular metastatic carcinoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1971;85:673–675. doi:10.1001/archopht.1971.00990050675005.
- Welch RJ, Malik K, Considine SP, et al. Uveal metastasis based on patient sex in 2214 tumors of 1111 patients. A comparison of female versus male clinical features and outcomes. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2019;8:298–303. doi:10.1097/APO.0000000000000247.
- Shields CL, Kaliki S, Crabtree GS, et al. Iris metastasis from systemic cancer in 104 patients: the 2014 Jerry A. Shields Lecture. Cornea. 2015;34:42–48. doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000000285
- Shields JA, Shields CL, Kiratli H, de Potter P. Metastatic tumors to the iris in 40 patients. Am J Ophthalmol. 1995;119:422–430. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(14)71227-9.
- Sen HN, Chan CC, Nussenblatt RB, Buggage RR. Occult primary carcinoma metastatic to the iris. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2004;82:746–747. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0420.2004.00273.x.
- Mayama C, Ohashi, M., Tomidokoro, A., Kojima, T. . Bilateral iris metastases from prostate cancer. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2003;47:69–71. doi:10.1016/S0021-5155(02)00643-3.
- Neitzke R, Spraul CW, Lang GE, Lang GK. Iris metastases in breast carcinoma]. Ophthalmologe. 2001;98:1097–1100. doi:10.1007/s003470170032.
- Imamura Y, Suzuki M, Nakajima K-I, Murata H. Gastric signet ring cell adenocarcinoma metastatic to the iris. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;131:379–381. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(00)00806-0.
- Gupta M, Puri P, Jacques R, Rennie IG. Fine needle aspiration biopsy: an investigative tool for iris metastasis. Eye (Lond). 2001;15:541–542. doi:10.1038/eye.2001.170.
- Shields JA, Tovilla-Canales JL, Shields CL, Mercado GV, Ehya H. Breast carcinoma metastatic to the iris. Jama. 2000;283:178.
- Reddy SC, Madhavan M, Mutum SS. Anterior uveal and episcleral metastases from carcinoma of the breast. Ophthalmologica. 2000;214:368–372. doi:10.1159/000027523.
- Ikeda T, Sato K, Tokuyama T. Interferon alfa therapy against metastatic iris tumor of renal cell carcinoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118:846–847.
- Furuichi S, Omori C, Nakayama T. [Relapse of small cell carcinoma of the lung with metastasis to iris]. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi. 2000;38:417–420.
- Hoche A. [Secondary glaucoma caused by iris tumor. Iris metastasis of adenocarcinoma of the breast]. Ophthalmologe. 1998;96:342–343.
- Goto T, Shimura M, Nakazawa M. Indocyanine green iris angiography of lung carcinoma metastatic to the iris. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1999;237:787–789. doi:10.1007/s004170050313.
- Shields JA, Shields CL, Eagle RC Jr., Gunduz K, Lin B. Diffuse ocular metastases as an initial sign of metastatic lung cancer. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers. 1998;29:598–601. doi:10.3928/1542-8877-19980701-12.
- Sach J, KREPELKOVA J, KUCHYNKA P. Haemangiosarcoma of the breast, metastatic to the ciliary body and iris. Br J Ophthalmol. 1998;82:709–711. doi:10.1136/bjo.82.6.709a.
- El-Harazi SM, Kellaway J, Feldman RM. Semiconductor diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation in a patient with glaucoma secondary to metastatic tumor to the iris. J Glaucoma. 1998;7:317–318. doi:10.1097/00061198-199810000-00005.
- Capeans C, Santos L, Sánchez-Salorio M, Forteza J. Iris metastasis from endometrial carcinoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;125:729–730. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(98)00010-5.
- Spraul CW, Grossniklaus HE, Giles JT. Mullerian mixed tumor metastatic to the iris and ciliary body. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115:122–123. doi:10.1001/archopht.1997.01100150124026.
- Gündüz K, Shields JA, Shields CL, De Potter P, Wayner MJ. Ewing sarcoma metastatic to the Iris. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997;124:550–552. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(14)70873-6.
- Endo EG, Walton DS, Albert DM. Neonatal hepatoblastoma metastatic to the choroid and iris. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996;114:757–761. doi:10.1001/archopht.1996.01100130749023.
- Chua CH, Westlake W, Rich W. Iris metastasis: an unusual cause of anterior uveitis. Postgrad Med J. 1996;72:176–177. doi:10.1136/pgmj.72.845.176.
- Ainsworth JR, Damato BE, Lee WR, Alexander WD. Follicular thyroid carcinoma metastatic to the iris: a solitary lesion treated with iridocyclectomy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110:19–20. doi:10.1001/archopht.1992.01080130021012.
- Portnoy SL, Arffa RC, Johnson BL, Terner IS. Metastatic renal cell carcinoma of the Iris manifesting as an intrastromal Iris cyst. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;111:113–114. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(14)76913-2.
- de Rivas P, Marti T, Andreu D, Carreras M, Quintana M. Metastatic bronchogenic carcinoma of the iris and ciliary body. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109:470. doi:10.1001/archopht.1991.01080040038013.
- Weisenthal R, Brucker, A, Lanciano, R. Follicular thyroid cancer metastatic to the iris. Case report. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107:494–495. doi:10.1001/archopht.1989.01070010508015.
- Kurosawa A, Sawaguchi S. Iris metastasis from squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Case report. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987;105:618. doi:10.1001/archopht.1987.01060050036025.
- Woog JJ, Chess J, Albert DM, Dueker DK, Berson FG, Craft J. Metastatic carcinoma of the iris simulating iridocyclitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1984;68:167–173. doi:10.1136/bjo.68.3.167.
- Cury D. Metastatic Carcinoma of the Iris*. Am J Ophthalmol. 1958;45:221–224. doi:10.1016/0002-9394(58)90646-9.
- Mayer W, Ray ES. Metastatic carcinoma of the iris and ciliary body. Am J Ophthalmol. 1955;(1955(39):37–43. doi:10.1016/0002-9394(55)92652-0.
- Greer CH. Metastatic carcinoma of the iris. Br J Ophthalmol. 1954;38(11):699–701. doi:10.1136/bjo.38.11.699.
- Stallard HB. Metastatic carcinoma of the Iris. Clinically simulating gumma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1940;24:541–547. doi:10.1136/bjo.24.11.541.
- Vail D, Asbury MK. Metastatic Carcinoma of the Iris. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1939;37:215–223.
- Hudson AC, Lister W. Metastatic Hypernephroma of Iris: (Section of Ophthalmology). Proc R Soc Med. 1934;27:1613–1615.
- Xiao W, Mao Y. Iris metastasis. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2019;137:e185029. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.5029.
- Raval V, Saldanha M, Mittal R, Das T. Intravitreal bevacizumab in treatment of iris metastasis from primary lung carcinoma. BMJ Case Rep. 2019;12:e231097. doi:10.1136/bcr-2019-231097.
- Kaneko M, Namisaki T, Takaya H. Calcified mucinous adenocarcinoma of the stomach metastatic to the iris: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2019;13:64. doi:10.1186/s13256-019-1977-z.
- Akinci GE, Hondur AM, Tezel TH. Management of metastatic breast carcinoma of Iris with intraocular bevacizumab injections. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2019;13:220–223. doi:10.1097/ICB.0000000000000584.
- Yoshikawa T, Miyata K, Nakai T, Ohbayashi C, Kaneko M, Ogata N. Iris metastasis preceding diagnosis of gastric signet ring cell adenocarcinoma: a case report. BMC Ophthalmol. 2018;18:125. doi:10.1186/s12886-018-0795-1.
- Vale S, Montalvo L, Baez E, Oliver AL. Intravitreal bevacizumab as therapy for refractory neovascular glaucoma secondary to iris metastasis of breast carcinoma. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2018;9:45–47. doi:10.1016/j.ajoc.2018.01.007.
- Lu P, Huang J. Bilateral Iris metastasis from pulmonary adenocarcinoma. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2018;136:e182381. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.2381.
- Hidaka T, Chuman, H, Nao, I. N. A case report of intravitreal bevacizumab for Iris metastasis of small cell lung carcinoma with neovascular glaucoma. Case Rep Ophthalmol, 2018; 9:401–404.
- Hernandez-Da Mota SE, Ulaje-Nunez JM, Salinas-Gallegos JL, Rodriguez-Reyes A. Iris metastasis as a first manifestation of lung adenocarcinoma. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2018;93:357–359.
- Gauthier AS, Loganadane P, Tumahai P, Flores M, Saleh M, Delbosc B. [Spontaneous hyphema as presenting sign of iris metastasis: case report]. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2018;41:e275–e276. doi:10.1016/j.jfo.2017.11.023.
- Bouvier R, Jany B, Gozlan S, Promelle V, Sevestre H, Milazzo S. [Iris metastasis of prostatic adenocarcinoma: a case report]. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2018;41:e63–e65. doi:10.1016/j.jfo.2017.05.020.
- Aydin R, Tezel TH. Use of intravitreal bevacizumab for the treatment of secondary glaucoma caused by metastatic Iris tumor. J Glaucoma. 2018;27:e113–e116. doi:10.1097/IJG.0000000000000959.
- Alba Linero C, Espildora Hernandez J, Archilla Manzano A. Iris metastasis as first sign of lung adenocarcinoma. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2018;93:e55. doi:10.1016/j.oftal.2017.11.010.
- Wolkow N, Jakobiec FA, Gragoudas ES. Long-term observation of multifocal metastatic intraocular carcinoid with acquired Iris heterochromia. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2017. doi:10.1097/icb.0000000000000690.
- Seidman CJ, Finger PT, Silverman JS, Oratz R. Intravitreal bevacizumab in the management of breast cancer Iris metastasis. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2017;11:47–50. doi:10.1097/ICB.0000000000000285.
- Ramos Suarez A, Guerrero Mayor OV, Fernandez Barrientos Y, Lorenzo Soto M. Iris metastasis. Med Clin (Barc). 2017;148:e11. doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2016.04.016.
- Liu SL, Nie YH, He T, Yan XX, Xing YQ. Iris metastasis as the first sign of small cell lung cancer: a case report. Oncol Lett. 2017;13:1547–1552. doi:10.3892/ol.2017.5648.
- Chen Y, Hu Y. Photodynamic therapy for an iris metastasis from pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2017; 20:246–247.
- Sakellakis M, Peroukides S, Iconomou G, Kalofonos H. Iris metastasis in a patient with small cell lung cancer: a case report. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2016;18:e21522. doi:10.5812/ircmj.21522.
- Mello PC, Brasil OF, Vidoris A, Morales MC, Belfort RN Iris metastases from systemic cancer: a report of three cases. Arq Bras Oftalmol, 2016;79:407–410.
- Makri OE, Psachoulia C, Exarchou A, Georgakopoulos CD. Intravitreal Ranibizumab as Palliative Therapy for Iris Metastasis Complicated With Refractory Secondary Glaucoma. J Glaucoma. 2016;25:e53–55. doi:10.1097/IJG.0000000000000163.
- Fabian ID, Hildebrand GD, Wilson S, Foord T, Sagoo MS Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma of the foot metastasizing to the Iris: report of a rare case. BMC Cancer. 2016;16:447.
- Das C, Shields CL. Radiotherapy for iris metastasis from esophageal carcinoma: a series of three cases. Oman J Ophthalmol. 2016;9:93–96. doi:10.4103/0974-620X.184526.
- Chan H, Paya C, Andrebe C, et al. [Iris metastasis presenting as monocular diplopia]. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2016;39:e275–e277. doi:10.1016/j.jfo.2015.11.018.
- Celebi AR, Kilavuzoglu AE, Altiparmak UE, Cosar CB, Ozkiris A. Iris metastasis of gastric adenocarcinoma. World J Surg Oncol. 2016;16:71. doi:10.1186/s12957-016-0840-6.
- Tatai T, Sasaki S, Sekiguchi N, Koizumi T. Iris metastasis of esophageal cancer. Intern Med. 2015;54:1941. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.54.4671.
- Martin V, Cuenca, X, Lopez, S, Albertini, AF, Lang, P, Simon, M, et al. Iris metastasis from prostate carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature. Cancer Radiother, 2015;19:331–333.
- Marie-Louise J, Merle H, Donnio A, et al. [Diagnosis of a clear cell renal carcinoma by biopsy of an iris metastasis associated with ocular hypertension in a black man from Martinique: case report and literature review]. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2015;38:e247–248.
- Lv D, HU Z, Wang C, Gao S, Xu J. Iris metastasis from esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a case report. Oncol Lett. 2014;10:790–792. doi:10.3892/ol.2015.3255.
- Abdellaoui M, Tahri H. [Metastatic tumors of the iris and ciliary body of a lung cancer]. Pan Afr Med J. 2015;20:417.
- Straub M, Muselier A, Bron A, Creuzot-Garcher C. [An iris metastasis revealed a bronchopulmonary cancer]. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2014;37:125–129. doi:10.1016/j.jfo.2013.05.012.
- Meyer P, Arnold-Worner N. [Metastasis of the ciliary body and iris from an oropharyngeal carcinoma]. Ophthalmologe. 2014;111:565–567. doi:10.1007/s00347-013-2898-7.
- Lin AD, Wong W. A case study of unusual etiology of anterior uveitis with ocular hypertension-iris metastasis of primary lung adenocarcinoma. Hawaii J Med Public Health. 2014;73:89–90.
- Karunanithi S, Sharma P, Jain S, Mukherjee A, Kumar R. Iris metastasis in a patient with small cell lung cancer: incidental detection with 18F-FDG PET/CT. Clin Nucl Med. 2014;39:554–555. doi:10.1097/RLU.0b013e3182a7549f.
- Hata M, Inoue T. Iris metastasis from small-cell lung cancer. J Thoracic Oncol. 2014;9(10):1584–1585. doi:10.1097/JTO.0000000000000201.
- Derrar R, Boutimzine N. [Bladder carcinoma complicated with iris metastasis]. Pan Afr Med J. 2014;19:232.
- Yokouchi H, Kitahashi M, Oshitari T, Yamamoto S. Intravitreal bevacizumab for iris tumor metastasized from large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of lung. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2013;251:2243–2245. doi:10.1007/s00417-012-2218-y.
- Nikratowicz D, Rospond-Kubiak I, Kocięcki J. Small-cell lung carcinoma metastasis to the iris - case presentation. Contemp Oncol (Pozn). 2013;17(3):331–333. doi:10.5114/wo.2013.35288.
- Kiratli H, Tarlan B. [Simultaneous ipsilateral eyelid, conjunctival and iris metastases from pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma]. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2013;36:184–185. doi:10.1016/j.jfo.2012.06.019.
- Sarenac TS, Janicijevic-Petrovic MA, Sreckovic SB, Radovanovic MR, Vulovic DD, Janicijevic KM. Prostatic carcinoma bilateral iris metastases. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2012;12:134–136. doi:10.17305/bjbms.2012.2514.
- Mutlu H, Akca Z, Buyukcelik A. The MRI findings of iris metastasis in patients with breast cancer. Acta Inform Med. 2012;20:259–260. doi:10.5455/aim.2012.20.259-260.
- Harvey BJ, Grossniklaus HE, Traynor MP, Sarkisian SR, Stone DU. Metastatic lung adenocarcinoma to the iris mimicking Cogan-Reese syndrome. J Glaucoma. 2012;21:567–569. doi:10.1097/IJG.0b013e3182208a2e.
- Dhakal S, Lema, GM, Diloreto, DA, Jr., Katz, AW. Esophageal metastasis to the iris effectively palliated using stereotactic body radiation therapy and adjuvant intravitreal chemotherapy: case report and literature review. Case Rep Oncol, 2012;5:639–643.
- Schell JC, Koenig SB, Bastin K, Wirostko WJ. Intracameral bevacizumab administered for non-small cell lung cancer metastasis to iris. Clin Pract. 2011;1:e39. doi:10.4081/cp.2011.e39.
- Nakashima C, Keino H, Watanabe T, Taki W, Okada AA. Intravitreal bevacizumab for iris metastasis of small-cell lung carcinoma with neovascular glaucoma. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2011;55:80–81. doi:10.1007/s10384-010-0892-z.
- Montero J, Shields CL, Bianciotto C, Shields JA, Ehya H. Iris metastasis from adenoid cystic carcinoma of parotid gland. Cornea. 2011;30:351–353. doi:10.1097/ICO.0b013e3181e9af33.
- Tougeron D, Tougeron-Brousseau B, Nasser Z, et al. Unusual iris metastasis from anal cancer: a case report. Dig Liver Dis. 2009;41:e1–3. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2007.11.023.
- Jurecka T, Skorkovská S, Coupková H, Postránecká V. [Iris metastasis as the first sign of small-cell lung carcinoma with metastatic involvement of the mediastinum]. Klin Onkol. 2009;22:179–182.
- Subiger L, Breton JL, Poulin G. Métastase de l’iris d’un adénocarcinome bronchique: à propos d’un cas. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2008;31:527–532. doi:10.1016/S0181-5512(08)72471-9.
- Perez-Fidalgo JA, Vila Arteaga J, Chirivella Gonzalez I, Martinez Belda R, Bermejo DL, Rosello Keranen B. [Breast cancer metastases in the iris: does treatment modifies natural 1history of the illness?]. An Med Interna. 2008;25:178–180. doi:10.4321/s0212-71992008000400006.
- Midena E, Vujosevic S, Pilotto E. Photodynamic therapy for iris metastasis from a mediastinal carcinoid tumor. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2008;2:175–177. doi:10.1097/ICB.0b013e31813c68c8.
- Kesen MR, Edward DP, Ulanski LJ, Tessler HH, Goldstein DA. Pulmonary metastasis masquerading as anterior uveitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126:572–574. doi:10.1001/archopht.126.4.572.
- Benhaddou R, Sayouti A, Khoumiri R. Métastases iriennes d’un adénocarcinome bronchique. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2008;31:427–429. doi:10.1016/S0181-5512(08)71440-2.
- Yoon KC, Oh HJ, Park SW, Lee KH, Lee JH. Bilateral iris metastasis from endometrial carcinoma. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2007;51:234–235. doi:10.1007/s10384-007-0442-5.
- Shome D, Honavar, S. G., Gupta, P., Vemuganti, G. K., Reddy, P. V. Metastasis to the eye and orbit from renal cell carcinoma--a report of three cases and review of literature. Surv Ophthalmol, 2007;52:213–223.
- Roenhorst AW, van den Bergh AC, van Putten JW, Smit EF. Iris metastasis in small-cell lung carcinoma. J Thorac Oncol. 2007;2:1128–1129. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e31815ba210.
- Ozturk B, Buyukberber S, Coskun U. Solitary iris metastasis from breast cancer with dramatic course: case report. Med Oncol. 2007;24:463–465. doi:10.1007/s12032-007-0019-7.
- Lee WB, Sy HM, Filip DJ, Grossniklaus HE. Metastatic esophageal adenocarcinoma presenting in the iris. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;144:477–479. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2007.05.004.
- Arat YO, Boniuk M. Red lesions of the iris, choroid, and skin secondary to metastatic carcinoma of the thyroid: a review. Surv Ophthalmol. 2007;52:523–528. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2007.06.006.
- Moura LR, Yang YF, Ayres B, Brasil OM, Fernandes BF, Burnier MN Jr. Clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical evaluation of iris metastases from small cell lung carcinoma. Can J Ophthalmol. 2006;41:775–777. doi:10.3129/i06-077.
- Martin M, Zierhut D, Piroth M, Gutwein S, Debus J, Dithmar S. [Solitary iris metastasis from breast cancer. Effective local therapy with electron beam irradiation]. Ophthalmologe. 2006;103:48–51. doi:10.1007/s00347-004-1144-8.
- Jones AR, Gandhewar R, Prasad A, Blyth CP. The consequences of abandonment of the bandage lens patient--the cause of an inflammatory iris nodule simulating metastasis from a transitional cell tumor of the bladder. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2005;28:135–136. doi:10.1016/j.clae.2005.04.002.
- Ichiki Y, Morita M, Yano K, Sugio K, Yasumoto K, Hirose N. Iris metastasis of esophageal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79:1782–1784. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2003.11.020.
- Shields CL, Welch RJ, Malik K, et al. Uveal metastasis: clinical features and survival outcome of 2214 tumors in 1111 patients based on primary tumor origin. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2018;25:81–90. doi:10.4103/meajo.MEAJO_6_18.