References
- Hanson KE, Caliendo AM, Arias CA, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines on the diagnosis of COVID-19: serologic testing [published online ahead of print, 2020 Sep 12]. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;ciaa1343. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1343.
- Read RW, Holland GN, Rao NA, et al. Revised diagnostic criteria for Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: report of an International Committee on Nomenclature. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;131(5):647–652. doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(01)00925-4.
- O’Keefe GA, Rao NA. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. Surv Ophthalmol. 2017 Jan-Feb;62(1):1–25. Epub 2016 May 27. PMID: 27241814. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2016.05.002.
- Du L, Kijlstra A, Yang P. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: novel insights into pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2016 May;52:84–111. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.02.002. Epub 2016 Feb 11. PMID: 26875727.
- Baltmr A, Lightman S, Tomkins-Netzer O. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome – current perspectives. Clin Ophthalmol. 2016 Nov 24;10:2345–2361. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S94866. PMID: 27932857; PMCID: PMC5135404.
- Liu B, Deng T, Zhu L, Zhong J. Association of Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-DQ and HLA-DQA1/DQB1 alleles with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(7):e9914. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000009914.
- Usui M, Usui N, Sakai J, et al. Detection of Epstein-Barr-Virus DNA by polymerase chain reaction in cerebrospinal Fluid from patients with VKH disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1991;32(4):807.
- Sugita S, Takase H, Kawaguchi T, et al. Cross-reaction between tyrosinase peptides and cytomegalovirus antigen by T cells from patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. Int Ophthalmol. 2007;27(2–3):87e95. doi:10.1007/s10792-006-9020-y.
- Liang L, Tan X, Zhou Q, Tian Y, Kijlstra A, Yang P. TLR3 and TLR4 but not TLR2 are involved in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease by triggering proinflammatory cytokines production through promoting the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Curr Mol Med. 2015;15:529–542. doi:10.2174/1566524015666150731095611.
- Yoshino N, Kawamura A, Ishii A, et al. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease associated with influenza A virus infection. Intern Med. 2018;57(11):1661–1665. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.9819-17.
- Wade CI, Earley KE, Justin GA, Weber ML. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease presenting secondary to a post-infectious Mycoplasma pneumoniae autoimmune response. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2020;19:100793. doi:10.1016/j.ajoc.2020.100793.
- Dogan B, Erol MK, Cengiz A. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease following BCG vaccination and tuberculosis. Springerplus. 2016;5:603. doi:10.1186/s40064-016-2223-4.
- Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada KM. Syndrome following influenza vaccination. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2016 Jan;64(1):98. doi:10.4103/0301-4738.178141. PMID: 26953036; PMCID: PMC4821134.
- World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). [online]; 2021. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19 Accessed April 5, 2021.
- World Health Organization. Timeline: WHO’S COVID-19 response [online]. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/interactive-timeline#.
- WHO. Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19-11 March 2020. [online]. https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19—11-march-2020.
- Badawi AE, Elsheikh SS, Addeen SZ, et al. An ophthalmic insight into novel coronavirus 2019 disease: a comprehensive review of the ocular manifestations and clinical hazards. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2020; 32(4):315–328. doi:10.4103/JOCO.JOCO_255_20. Published December 12, 2020.
- Nasiri N, Sharifi H, Bazrafshan A, Noori A, Karamouzian M, Sharifi A. Ocular manifestations of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2021 Published 2021 Jan 20;16(1):103–112. doi:10.18502/jovr.v16i1.8256.
- Providência J, Fonseca C, Henriques F, Proença R. Serpiginous choroiditis presenting after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a new immunological trigger? [published online ahead of print, 2020 Dec 2]. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2020;1120672120977817. doi:10.1177/1120672120977817.
- Bettach E, Zadok D, Weill Y, Brosh K, Hanhart J. Bilateral anterior uveitis as a part of a multisystem inflammatory syndrome secondary to COVID-19 infection. J Med Virol. 2021;93(1):139–140. doi:10.1002/jmv.26229.
- Wong Chung JERE, Engin Ö, Wolfs TFW, Renson TJC, De Boer JH. Anterior uveitis in paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2. Lancet. 2021;397(10281):e10. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00579-1.
- Karthika IK, Gulla KM, John J, et al. COVID-19 related multi-inflammatory syndrome presenting with uveitis – a case report. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021;69(5):1319–1321. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_52_21.
- Öztürk C, Yüce Sezen A, Savaş Şen Z, Özdem S. Bilateral acute anterior uveitis and corneal punctate epitheliopathy in children diagnosed with multisystem inflammatory syndrome secondary to COVID-19 [published online ahead of print]. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2021 Apr 15;1–5. doi:10.1080/09273948.2021.1909070.
- Boz AAE, Atum M, Çakır B, Karabay O, Çelik E, Alagöz G. Outcomes of the ophthalmic examinations in patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 [published online ahead of print, 2020 Nov 23]. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020;1–4. doi:10.1080/09273948.2020.1844904.
- Benito-Pascual B, Gegúndez JA, Díaz-Valle D, et al. Panuveitis and optic neuritis as a possible initial presentation of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020;28(6):922–925. doi:10.1080/09273948.2020.1792512.
- François J, Collery AS, Hayek G, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019-associated ocular neuropathy with panuveitis: a case report. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2021;139(2):247–249. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.5695.
- Hosseini SM, Abrishami M, Zamani G, et al. Acute bilateral neuroretinitis and panuveitis in A patient with coronavirus disease 2019: a case report [published online ahead of print, 2021 Apr 8]. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2021;1–4. doi:10.1080/09273948.2021.1894457.
- Alonso RS, Alonso FOM, Fernandes BF, Ecard VO, Ventura MP. COVID-19-related ocular hypertension secondary to anterior uveitis as part of a multisystemic inflammatory syndrome. J Glaucoma. 2021;30(5):e256–e258. doi:10.1097/IJG.0000000000001835.
- Seah I, Agrawal R. Can the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affect the eyes? A review of coronaviruses and ocular implications in humans and animals. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020 Apr 2;28(3):391–395. doi:10.1080/09273948.2020.1738501.
- Conde Cardona G, Quintana Pájaro LD, Quintero Marzola ID, Ramos Villegas Y, Moscote Salazar LR. Neurotropism of SARS-CoV 2: mechanisms and manifestations. J Neurol Sci. 2020 May 15; 412:116824. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2020.116824. Epub 2020 Apr 8.