1,742
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Letters to the Editor

Pathophysiological Considerations in Periorbital Necrotizing Fasciitis: A Case Report

, , MD, , , ORCID Icon & , MD
Pages 468-473 | Received 14 Dec 2020, Accepted 26 Oct 2021, Published online: 11 Apr 2022

References

  • Shindo ML, Nalbone VP, Dougherty WR. Necrotizing fasciitis of the face. Laryngoscope. 1997;107:1071–1079. doi:10.1097/00005537-199708000-00013.
  • Lazzeri D, Lazzeri S, Figus M, et al. Periorbital necrotising fasciitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010;94:1577–1585. doi:10.1136/bjo.2009.167486.
  • Amrith S, Hosdurga Pai V, Ling WW. Periorbital necrotizing fasciitis – a review. Acta Ophthalmol. 2013;91:596–603. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2012.02420.x.
  • Chou PY, Hsieh YH, Lin CH. Necrotizing fasciitis of the entire head and neck: literature review and case report. Biomed J. 2020;43:94–98. doi:10.1016/j.bj.2019.08.002.
  • Pasternack MS, Schwartz MN. Skin and Soft Tissues Infections., Aus Madnell, Douglas and Benett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 8th ed. 2015.
  • Tong Y-T, Mak M-S, Ho H-C, Poon T-L, Mak Y-W, Choi W-K. Necrotizing fasciitis of bilateral eyelids: a case report and review of the literature. Surg Pract. 2019;23:117–120. doi:10.1111/1744-1633.12381.
  • Eiben P, Rodriguez-Villar S. A case of periorbital necrotizing fasciitis rapidly progressing to severe multiorgan failure. J Surg Case Rep. 2018;2018:rjy083. doi:10.1093/jscr/rjy083.
  • Sud R, Sharma P, Garg G, Takkar B, Khanduja S. Periorbital necrotizing fasciitis due to klebsiella pneumoniae in an immunocompetent patient. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2019;67:1721–1722. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_360_19.
  • Elner VM, Demirci H, Nerad JA, Hassan AS. Periocular necrotizing fasciitis with visual loss pathogenesis and treatment. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:2338–2345. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.06.037.
  • Kronish JW, McLeish WM. Eyelid necrosis and periorbital necrotizing fasciitis. Report of a case and review of the literature. Ophthalmology. 1991;98:92–98. doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(91)32334-0.
  • Deneubourg DL, Catherine Z, Lejuste P, Breton P. Periorbital necrotizing fasciitis induced by streptococcus pyogenes: a case report and clarification. J Oral Maxillofacial Surg. 2018;76:154.e151–154.e155. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2017.09.004.
  • Nadal J, Galatoire O, Laouar K, et al. Periorbital necrotizing fasciitis without initial trauma: a rare case report. J Francais D’ophtalmologie. 2019;42:e209–e211. doi:10.1016/j.jfo.2018.09.022.
  • Harrison WD, Kapoor B. Necrotizing soft tissue infection: principles of diagnosis and management. Orthop Trauma. 2016;30:223–231. doi:10.1016/j.mporth.2016.05.001.
  • Sarani B, Strong M, Pascual J, Schwab CW. Necrotizing fasciitis: current concepts and review of the literature. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;208:279–288. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2008.10.032.
  • Liu M, Lei B. Pathogenesis of hypervirulent group a streptococcus. Jpn J Med. 2018;1:269–275. doi:10.31488/jjm.1000127.
  • Würtz NS, Mikkelsen LH, Jørgensen JS, et al. Periocular necrotizing soft tissue infection in greater Copenhagen. Acta Ophthalmol. 2020;98:207–212. doi:10.1111/aos.14205.
  • Anand A, Sharma A, Ravins M, et al. Unfolded protein response inhibitors cure group a streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis by modulating host asparagine. Sci Transl Med. 2021;13. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abd7465.
  • Hansen MB, Rasmussen LS, Svensson M, et al. Association between cytokine response, the lrinec score and outcome in patients with necrotising soft tissue infection: a multicentre, prospective study. Sci Rep. 2017;7:42179. doi:10.1038/srep42179.
  • Palma Medina LM, Rath E, Jahagirdar S, et al. Discriminatory plasma biomarkers predict specific clinical phenotypes of necrotizing soft-tissue infections. J Clin Invest. 2021;131. doi:10.1172/jci149523.
  • Stevens DL, Bryant AE. Necrotizing soft-tissue infections. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:2253–2265. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1600673.
  • Ting CF, Lam J, Anastas C. Subgaleal haematoma as a cause of periorbital necrotising fasciitis: a case report. Orbit. 2020;39:143–146. doi:10.1080/01676830.2019.1606834.
  • Herr M, Grabein B, Palm HG, et al. Nekrotisierende fasziitis. Unfallchirurg. 2011;114:197–216. doi:10.1007/s00113-010-1893-6.
  • Chander J, Stchigel AM, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, et al. Fungal necrotizing fasciitis, an emerging infectious disease caused by apophysomyces (mucorales). Revista iberoamericana de micologia. 2015;32:93–98. doi:10.1016/j.riam.2014.06.005.
  • Abdul Kadir N, Ahmad SS, Abdul Ghani S, Paramananda M. A case of acute periorbital necrotizing fasciitis. J Acute Dis. 2016;5:174–176. doi:10.1016/j.joad.2015.10.005.
  • Sachsenweger M. Augenheilkunde. Thiemen Verlag; 2003:16–27, 60–64.
  • Jensen SL, Amato JE, Hartstein ME, Breer WA. Bilateral periorbital necrotizing fasciitis. Arch Dermatol. 2004;140:664–666. doi:10.1001/archderm.140.6.664.
  • Stevens DL. Streptococci and enterococci. In: Oxford Textbook of Medicine. 5th ed. 2005:671–674.
  • Commons RJ, Smeesters PR, Proft T, Fraser JD, Robins-Browne R, Curtis N. Streptococcal superantigens: categorization and clinical associations. Trends Mol Med. 2014;20:48–62. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2013.10.004.
  • Proft T, Fraser JD. Streptococcal superantigens: biological properties and potential role in disease. In: Ferretti JJ, Stevens DL, Va F, eds. Streptococcus Pyogenes: Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations. Oklahoma City: University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; 2016 Feb 10. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK333435/. [Internet].
  • King P. Haemophilus influenzae and the lung (haemophilus and the lung). Clin Transl Med. 2012;1:10. doi:10.1186/2001-1326-1-10.
  • McCabe Ga, Hardy T, Campbell TG. Bilateral periorbital necrotising fasciitis associated with invasive group: a Streptococcus infection. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13:e236800. doi:10.1136/bcr-2020-236800.
  • Leonardo FHL, Anabuki M, Gonçalves ACP. Bilateral periorbital necrotizing fasciitis: case report. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2018;81:239–241. doi:10.5935/0004-2749.20180047.
  • Humar D, Datta V, Bast DJ, Beall B, De Azavedo JC, Nizet V. Streptolysin s and necrotising infections produced by group g streptococcus. Lancet. 2002;359:124–129. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07371-3.
  • Shumba P, Mairpady Shambat S, Siemens N. The role of streptococcal and staphylococcal exotoxins and proteases in human necrotizing soft tissue infections. Toxins (Basel). 2019;11:332. doi:10.3390/toxins11060332.
  • Mantegazza AR, Magalhaes JG, Amigorena S, Marks MS. Presentation of phagocytosed antigens by mhc class i and ii. Traffic. 2013;14:135–152. doi:10.1111/tra.12026.
  • Spaulding AR, Salgado-Pabón W, Kohler PL, Horswill AR, Leung DYM, and Schlievert PM. Staphylococcal and streptococcal superantigen exotoxins. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2013;26:422. doi:10.1128/CMR.00104-12.
  • Muldrew KL, Simpson JF, Stratton CW, Tang YW. Molecular diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis by 16s rrna gene sequencing and superantigen gene detection. J Mol Diagn. 2005;7:641–645. doi:10.1016/s1525-1578(10)60599-5.
  • Fraser JD. Clarifying the mechanism of superantigen toxicity. PLoS Biol. 2011;9:e1001145. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001145.
  • Salcido RS. Necrotizing fasciitis: reviewing the causes and treatment strategies. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2007;20:288–293; quiz 294–285. doi:10.1097/01.ASW.0000269317.76380.3b.
  • Quach GT, Frisby J, Kralovich K, Bohra M. First necrotizing fasciitis caused by haemophilus influenza serotype a. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep. 2017;5:2324709617736791. doi:10.1177/2324709617736791.
  • Hidalgo-Grass C, Dan-Goor M, Maly A, et al. Effect of a bacterial pheromone peptide on host chemokine degradation in group a streptococcal necrotising soft-tissue infections. Lancet. 2004;363:696–703. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)15643-2.
  • Siemens N, Norrby-Teglund A. Shocking superantigens promote establishment of bacterial infection. Proc National Acad Sci. 2017:201713451. doi:10.1073/pnas.1713451114.
  • Hasham S, Matteucci P, Stanley PR, Hart NB. Necrotising fasciitis. BMJ. 2005;330:830–833. doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7495.830.
  • Pal B, Evans S, Walters RF. Necrotising fasciitis of the periorbital region. Eye. 2001;15:676–677. doi:10.1038/eye.2001.216.
  • Lappin E, Ferguson AJ. Gram-positive toxic shock syndromes. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9:281–290. doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(09)70066-0.
  • Gottlieb M, Long B, Koyfman A. The evaluation and management of toxic shock syndrome in the emergency department: a review of the literature. J Emerg Med. 2018;54:807–814. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2017.12.048.
  • Walker MJ, Barnett TC, McArthur JD, et al. Disease manifestations and pathogenic mechanisms of group a streptococcus. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27:264–301. doi:10.1128/cmr.00101-13.
  • Stevens D, Bryant A. Severe group a streptococcal infections. In: Ferretti JJ, Fischetti VA, eds. Streptococcus Pyogenes: Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations. Oklahoma City: University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; 2016.
  • Cameron CA, Juniat V, Pyragius M, Selva D. Conservative management of periorbital necrotizing fasciitis caused by methicillin-resistance staphylococcus aureus. Can J Ophthalmol. Journal canadien d’ophtalmologie. 2021;56:e86–e88. doi:10.1016/j.jcjo.2020.10.011.
  • Singam NV, Rusia D, Prakash R. An eye popping case of orbital necrotizing fasciitis treated with antibiotics, surgery, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Am J Case Rep. 2017;18:329–333. doi:10.12659/ajcr.902535.
  • Krenk L, Nielsen HU, Christensen ME. Necrotizing fasciitis in the head and neck region: an analysis of standard treatment effectiveness. Euro Arch Oto-rhino-laryngol. 2007;264:917–922. doi:10.1007/s00405-007-0275-3.
  • Raithatha AH, Bryden DC. Use of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in the treatment of septic shock, in particular severe invasive group a streptococcal disease. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2012;16:37–40. doi:10.4103/0972-5229.94433.
  • Bruun T, Rath E, Oppegaard O, Skrede S. Beta-hemolytic streptococci and necrotizing soft tissue infections. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1294:73–86. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57616-5_6.
  • Soh CR, Pietrobon R, Freiberger JJ, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in necrotising soft tissue infections: a study of patients in the United States nationwide inpatient sample. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38:1143–1151. doi:10.1007/s00134-012-2558-4.