References
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2019. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2019.
- Gjestland T. The Oslo study of untreated syphilis; an epidemiologic investigation of the natural course of the syphilitic infection based upon a re-study of the Boeck-Bruusgaard material. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl. 1955; 35(Suppl 34):300–368.
- Peeling RW, Mabey D, Kamb ML, Chen XS, Radolf JD, Benzaken AS. Syphilis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17073. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.73.
- Kent ME, Romanelli F. Reexamining syphilis: an update on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Ann Pharmacother. 2008;42(2):226–236. doi:10.1345/aph.1K086.
- Workowski KA, Berman S; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010;59(RR–12):100–110.
- Dutta Majumder P, Chen EJ, Shah J, et al. Ocular syphilis: an update. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2019;27(1):117–125. doi:10.1080/09273948.2017.1371765.
- Brown ST. Adverse reactions in syphilis therapy. J Am Vener Dis Assoc. 1976; 3(2 Pt 2):172–176.
- Dhakal A, and Sbar E. Jarisch Herxheimer Reaction. StatPearls [Internet]; 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32491752. Accessed September 1, 2021.
- Singh AE, Romanowski B. Syphilis: review with emphasis on clinical, epidemiologic, and some biologic features. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999;12(2):187–209. doi:10.1128/CMR.12.2.187.
- Redzal AA, Wan Hitam WH, Mohtar I. Syphilis: an under-recognized cause of postoperative uveitis in elderly. Int J Ophthalmol. 2008;8:673–675.
- Yeung SN, Blicker JA, Maberley DA. Postoperative inflammation as the presenting sign of latent syphilis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2008;16(3):119–120. doi:10.1080/09273940802023828.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Syphilis testing algorithms using treponemal tests for initial screening–four laboratories. MMWR Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;57:872–875.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Discordant results from reverse sequence syphilis screening–five laboratories. MMWR Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60:133–137.
- Gonzalez H, Koralnik IJ, Marra CM. Neurosyphilis. Semin Neurol. 2019;39:448–455. doi:10.1055/s-0039-1688942.
- Fathilah J, Choo MM. The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction in ocular syphilis. Med J Malaysia. 2003;58:437–439.
- Thabet C, Gottlieb CCC, Hurley BR, Zhang G, Sherazi A, Angel JB. Intravenous administration of penicillin results in therapeutic intravitreal levels in chronic postoperative endophthalmitis. J Ophthal Inflamm Infect. 2021; 11(1): doi: 10.1186/s12348-020-00232-0.