References
- Chen E, Brown DM, Benz MS, et al. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography as an effective screening test for hydroxychloroquine retinopathy (the “flying saucer” sign). Clin Ophthalmol. 2010;4:1151. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S14257.
- Lian F, Zhou J, Wang Y, Xu H, Yang X. FRI0338 hydroxychloroquine may help to improve the in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer outcomes in ana and ds-dna positive patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77: 705-705.
- Melles RB, Marmor MF. The risk of toxic retinopathy in patients on long-term hydroxychloroquine therapy. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014 Dec;132(12):1453–1460. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.3459.
- Marmor MF, Carr RE, Easterbrook M, Farjo AA, Mieler WF. Recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2002;109:1377–1382. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(02)01168-5.
- Marks J. Chloroquine retinopathy: is there a safe daily dose? Ann Rheum Dis. 1982;41:52–58. doi:10.1136/ard.41.1.52.
- Kellner S, Weinitz S, Farmand G, Kellner U. Cystoid macular oedema and epiretinal membrane formation during progression of chloroquine retinopathy after drug cessation. Br J Ophthalmol. 2014;98:200–206. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-303897.
- Parikh VS, Modi YS, Au A, et al. Nonleaking cystoid macular edema as a presentation of hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity. Ophthalmology. 2016;123:664–666. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.09.011.
- PLAQUENIL®(hydroxychloroquine sulfate) U.S. Food and Drug Administration website. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/009768s037s045s047lbl.pdf Revised January, 2017. Reference ID: 4047416
- Chang CY, Sheu SJ. Macular edema might be a rare presentation of hydroxychloroquine-induced retinal toxicity. Taiwan J Ophthalmol. 2017;7:56. doi:10.4103/tjo.tjo_26_17.
- Pasaoglu I, Onmez FE. Macular toxicity after short-term hydroxychloroquine therapy. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2019;67:289. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_732_18.
- Hernández LB, Monferrer CA, Hernández MG, Cervera ET. Early macular toxicity following 2 months of hydroxychloroquine therapy. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2018;93:e20–e21. doi:10.1016/j.oftal.2017.12.004.
- Schrezenmeier E, Dörner T. Mechanisms of action of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: implications for rheumatology. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2020;16:155–166. doi:10.1038/s41584-020-0372-x.
- Wu JJ, Ai CZ, Liu Y, et al. Interactions between phytochemicals from traditional Chinese medicines and human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Curr Drug Metab. 2012;13:599–614. doi:10.2174/1389200211209050599.
- Kimura Y, Ito H, Ohnishi R, Hatano T. Inhibitory effects of polyphenols on human cytochrome P450 3A4 and 2C9 activity. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010 Jan;48(1):429–435. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2009.10.041.
- Marmor MF, Kellner U, Lai TY, Melles RB, Mieler WF. Recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy (2016 revision). Ophthalmology. 2016;123:1386–1394. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.058.