Corneal Epithelial Dendritic Cells: An Objective Indicator for Ocular Surface Inflammation in Patients with Obstructive Meibomian Gland Dysfunction?

References

• Nelson JD, Shimazaki J, Benitez-Del-Castillo JM, et al. The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the definition and classification subcommittee. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52(4):1930–1937. doi:10.1167/iovs.10-6997b.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stapleton F, Alves M, Bunya VY, et al. TFOS DEWS II epidemiology report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(3):334–365. doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhee MK, Mah FS. Inflammation in dry eye disease: how do we break the cycle? Ophthalmology. 2017;124(11s):S14–s19. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.08.029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee H, Min K, Kim EK, Kim TI. Minocycline controls clinical outcomes and inflammatory cytokines in moderate and severe meibomian gland dysfunction. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;154(6):949–957.e941. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2012.06.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landsend ECS, Utheim ØA, Pedersen HR, et al. The level of inflammatory tear cytokines is elevated in congenital aniridia and associated with meibomian gland dysfunction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59(5):2197–2204. doi:10.1167/iovs.18-24027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki T. Inflamed obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction causes ocular surface inflammation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59(14):Des94–des101. doi:10.1167/iovs.17-23345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh J, Shin JS. The role of dendritic cells in central tolerance. Immune Netw. 2015;15(3):111–120. doi:10.4110/in.2015.15.3.111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastropasqua L, Nubile M, Lanzini M, et al. Epithelial dendritic cell distribution in normal and inflamed human cornea: in vivo confocal microscopy study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142(5):736–744. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2006.06.057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dana MR. Corneal antigen-presenting cells: diversity, plasticity, and disguise: the Cogan lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45(3):722–727; 721. doi:10.1167/iovs.03-0803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang J, Dermer H, Galor A. Can in vivo confocal microscopy differentiate between sub-types of dry eye disease? A review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2021;49(4):373–387. doi:10.1111/ceo.13924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu J, Chen P, Yu C, Liu Y, Hu S, Di G. In vivo confocal microscopic evaluation of corneal dendritic cell density and subbasal nerve parameters in dry eye patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:578233. doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.578233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qazi Y, Kheirkhah A, Blackie C, et al. In vivo detection of clinically non-apparent ocular surface inflammation in patients with meibomian gland dysfunction-associated refractory dry eye symptoms: a pilot study. Eye (Lond). 2015;29(8):1099–1110. doi:10.1038/eye.2015.103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu J, Chou Y, Hao R, Jiang X, Liu Y, Li X. Evaluation of ocular surface impairment in meibomian gland dysfunction of varying severity using a comprehensive grading scale. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(31):e16547. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000016547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao H, Li Q, Ye M, Yu J. Tear luminex analysis in dry eye patients. Med Sci Monit. 2018;24:7595–7602. doi:10.12659/msm.912010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aragona P, Aguennouz M, Rania L, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 and transglutaminase 2 expression at the ocular surface in patients with different forms of dry eye disease. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(1):62–71. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.07.048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee H, Chung B, Kim KS, Seo KY, Choi BJ, Kim TI. Effects of topical loteprednol etabonate on tear cytokines and clinical outcomes in moderate and severe meibomian gland dysfunction: randomized clinical trial. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014;158(6):1172–1183.e1171. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2014.08.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlinson A, Bron AJ, Korb DR, et al. The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the diagnosis subcommittee. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52(4):2006–2049. doi:10.1167/iovs.10-6997f.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffman RM, Christianson MD, Jacobsen G, Hirsch JD, Reis BL. Reliability and validity of the ocular surface disease index. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118(5):615–621. doi:10.1001/archopht.118.5.615.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wong S, Srinivasan S, Murphy PJ, Jones L. Comparison of meibomian gland dropout using two infrared imaging devices. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2019;42(3):311–317. doi:10.1016/j.clae.2018.10.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemp MA. Report of the National Eye Institute/Industry workshop on clinical trials in dry eyes. Clao J. 1995;21:221–232.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wolffsohn JS, Arita R, Chalmers R, et al. TFOS DEWS II diagnostic methodology report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(3):539–574. doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bron AJ, Evans VE, Smith JA. Grading of corneal and conjunctival staining in the context of other dry eye tests. Cornea. 2003;22(7):640–650. doi:10.1097/00003226-200310000-00008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labbé A, Liang Q, Wang Z, et al. Corneal nerve structure and function in patients with non-sjogren dry eye: clinical correlations. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(8):5144–5150. doi:10.1167/iovs.13-12370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal S, Cavalcanti BM, Regali L, et al. In vivo confocal microscopy shows alterations in nerve density and dendritiform cell density in Fuchs’ endothelial corneal dystrophy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2018;196:136–144. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2018.08.040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bron AJ, De Paiva CS, Chauhan SK, et al. TFOS DEWS II pathophysiology report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(3):438–510. doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheadle C, Vawter MP, Freed WJ, Becker KG. Analysis of microarray data using Z score transformation. J Mol Diagn. 2003;5(2):73–81. doi:10.1016/s1525-1578(10)60455-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackie CA, Korb DR, Knop E, Bedi R, Knop N, Holland EJ. Nonobvious obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction. Cornea. 2010;29(12):1333–1345. doi:10.1097/ICO.0b013e3181d4f366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki T. Meibomitis-related keratoconjunctivitis: implications and clinical significance of meibomian gland inflammation. Cornea. 2012;31(Suppl 1):S41–44. doi:10.1097/ICO.0b013e31826a04dd.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li M, Yu Y, Yuan Y, et al. Rete ridges in eyelid margin and inflammatory cytokines in meibomian gland dysfunction associated with dry eye symptom. Curr Eye Res. 2021;46(2):202–209. doi:10.1080/02713683.2020.1788102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi T. Inflammatory response in dry eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59(14):Des192–des199. doi:10.1167/iovs.17-23651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu R, Rong B, Tu P, et al. Analysis of cytokine levels in tears and clinical correlations after intense pulsed light treating meibomian gland dysfunction. Am J Ophthalmol. 2017;183:81–90. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2017.08.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sozzani S, Del Prete A, Bosisio D. Dendritic cell recruitment and activation in autoimmunity. J Autoimmun. 2017;85:126–140. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2017.07.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kortylewski M, Kujawski M, Wang T, et al. Inhibiting Stat3 signaling in the hematopoietic system elicits multicomponent antitumor immunity. Nat Med. 2005;11(12):1314–1321. doi:10.1038/nm1325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruoka S, Inaba M, Ogata N. Activation of dendritic cells in dry eye mouse model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59(8):3269–3277. doi:10.1167/iovs.17-22550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulendran B, Banchereau J, Burkeholder S, et al. Flt3-ligand and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor mobilize distinct human dendritic cell subsets in vivo. J Immunol. 2000;165(1):566–572. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.165.1.566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matundan H, Mott KR, Ghiasi H. Role of CD8+ T cells and lymphoid dendritic cells in protection from ocular herpes simplex virus 1 challenge in immunized mice. J Virol. 2014;88(14):8016–8027. doi:10.1128/jvi.00913-14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao Y, Li Z, Hassan N, et al. NK cells are necessary for recovery of corneal CD11c+ dendritic cells after epithelial abrasion injury. J Leukoc Biol. 2013;94(2):343–351. doi:10.1189/jlb.1212633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine H, Hwang J, Dermer H, Mehra D, Feuer W, Galor A. Relationships between activated dendritic cells and dry eye symptoms and signs. Ocul Surf. 2021;21:186–192. doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2021.06.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Na KS, Mok JW, Kim JY, Rho CR, Joo CK. Correlations between tear cytokines, chemokines, and soluble receptors and clinical severity of dry eye disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53(9):5443–5450. doi:10.1167/iovs.11-9417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu X, Chen X, Ma Y, et al. Analysis of tear inflammatory molecules and clinical correlations in evaporative dry eye disease caused by meibomian gland dysfunction. Int Ophthalmol. 2020;40(11):3049–3058. doi:10.1007/s10792-020-01489-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi W, Li Z, Oh HJ, et al. Expression of CCR5 and its ligands CCL3, −4, and −5 in the tear film and ocular surface of patients with dry eye disease. Curr Eye Res. 2012;37(1):12–17. doi:10.3109/02713683.2011.622852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albertsmeyer AC, Kakkassery V, Spurr-Michaud S, Beeks O, Gipson IK. Effect of pro-inflammatory mediators on membrane-associated mucins expressed by human ocular surface epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res. 2010;90(3):444–451. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2009.12.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou T, He C, Lai P, et al. miR-204-containing exosomes ameliorate GVHD-associated dry eye disease. Sci Adv. 2022;8(2):eabj9617. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abj9617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postnikoff CK, Held K, Viswanath V, Nichols KK. Enhanced closed eye neutrophil degranulation in dry eye disease. Ocul Surf. 2020;18(4):841–851. doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2020.08.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland EJ, Luchs J, Karpecki PM, et al. Lifitegrast for the treatment of dry eye disease: results of a phase III, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial (OPUS-3). Ophthalmology. 2017;124(1):53–60. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.09.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bystry RS, Aluvihare V, Welch KA, Kallikourdis M, Betz AG. B cells and professional APCs recruit regulatory T cells via CCL4. Nat Immunol. 2001;2(12):1126–1132. doi:10.1038/ni735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto-Fraga J, Enríquez-De-Salamanca A, Calonge M, et al. Severity, therapeutic, and activity tear biomarkers in dry eye disease: an analysis from a phase III clinical trial. Ocul Surf. 2018;16(3):368–376. doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2018.05.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arita R, Fukuoka S, Morishige N. Therapeutic efficacy of intense pulsed light in patients with refractory meibomian gland dysfunction. Ocul Surf. 2019;17(1):104–110. doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2018.11.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu R, Ma B, Gao Y, Ma B, Liu Y, Qi H. Tear inflammatory cytokines analysis and clinical correlations in diabetes and nondiabetes with dry eye. Am J Ophthalmol. 2019;200:10–15. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2018.12.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schober P, Boer C, Schwarte LA. Correlation coefficients: appropriate use and interpretation. Anesth Analg. 2018;126(5):1763–1768. doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000002864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng Q, Xue Y, Zhong X, Li G, Shi W, Wang T. Correlation study between abnormal morphology of meibomian glands and meibum in patients with dry eye disease under in vivo confocal microscopy. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:793338. doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.793338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal S, Kheirkhah A, Cavalcanti BM, Cruzat A, Jamali A, Hamrah P. Correlation of corneal immune cell changes with clinical severity in dry eye disease: an in vivo confocal microscopy study. Ocul Surf. 2021;19:183–189. doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2020.05.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu FX, Lee PSY, Yang L, et al. The impact of sensory neuropathy and inflammation on epithelial wound healing in diabetic corneas. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2022;89:101039. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baudouin C, Messmer EM, Aragona P, et al. Revisiting the vicious circle of dry eye disease: a focus on the pathophysiology of meibomian gland dysfunction. Br J Ophthalmol. 2016;100(3):300–306. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-307415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar