Overview of Epidemiologic Studies of Diabetic Retinopathy

REFERENCES

• Klein R, Klein B E, Davis M D. Is cigarette smoking associated with diabetic retinopathy?. Am J Epidemiol. 1983; 118: 228–238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein R, Klein B E, Moss S E, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. II. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less than 30 years. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984; 102(4)520–526
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klein R, Klein B E, Moss S E, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. III. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 or more years. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984; 102(4)527–532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempen J H, O'Colmain B J, Leske M C, et al. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among adults in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004; 122(4)552–563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West S K, Klein R, Rodriguez J, et al. Diabetes and diabetic retinopathy in a Mexican-American population: Proyecto VER. Diabetes Care. 2001; 24(7)1204–1209
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Varma R, Klein R, West S K, et al. Are Latinos at greater risk for diabetic retinopathy than whites? Pooled findings from 3 population-based studies. ARVO Annual Meeting, May 1–5, 2005. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46, E-Abstract 1164
   Google Scholar
• Roy M S. Diabetic retinopathy in African Americans with type 1 diabetes: The New Jersey 725: I. Methodology, population, frequency of retinopathy, and visual impairment. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000; 118(1)97–104
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klein R, Klein B E, Moss S E. Visual impairment in diabetes. Ophthalmology. 1984; 91(1)1–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varma R, Ying-Lai M, Klein R, et al. Prevalence and risk indicators of visual impairment and blindness in Latinos: The Los Angeles Latino Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2004; 111(6)1132–1140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad S, Kamath G G, Jones K, et al. Prevalence of blindness and visual impairment in a population of people with diabetes. Eye 2001; 15: 640–643, (Pt 5)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin T. Going blind on our watch. Health Affairs 2006; 25(4)1121–1126
   Google Scholar
• Congdon N, O'Colmain B, Klaver C C, et al. Causes and prevalence of visual impairment among adults in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004; 122(4)477–485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAlpine R R, Morris A D, Emslie-Smith A, et al. The annual incidence of diabetic complications in a population of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2005; 22(3)348–352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith T S, Bourne R R, Szetu J L. The prevalence and severity of diabetic retinopathy, associated risk factors and vision loss in patients registered with type 2 diabetes in Luganville, Vanuatu. Br J Ophthalmol 2006
   Google Scholar
• Avisar R, Friling R, Snir M, et al. Estimation of prevalence and incidence rates and causes of blindness in Israel, 1998–2003. IMAJ 2006; 8880–881
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez J, Sanchez R, Munoz B, et al. Causes of blindness and visual impairment in a population-based sample of U.S. Hispanics. Ophthalmology. 2002; 109(4)737–743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munoz B, West S K, Rubin G S, et al. Causes of blindness and visual impairment in a population of older Americans: The Salisbury Eye Evaluation Study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000; 118(6)819–825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silver K, Williams M, Macario E. The National Eye Health Education Program: Increasing awareness of diabetic eye disease among American Indians and Alaska Natives. Ethn Dis. 2006; 16(4)920–925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castor M L, Smyser M S, Taualii M M, et al. A nationwide population-based study identifying health disparities between American Indians/Alaska Natives and the general populations living in select urban counties. Am J Public Health. 2006; 96(8)1478–1484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein R, Klein B E, Moss S E, et al. Glycosylated hemoglobin predicts the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. JAMA. 1988; 260(19)2864–2871
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329(14)977–986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998; 352(9131)837–853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witkin S R, Klein R. Ophthalmologic care for persons with diabetes. JAMA. 1984; 251(19)2534–2537
   Google Scholar
• Klein R, Klein B E, Moss S E, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. VI. Retinal photocoagulation. Ophthalmology. 1987; 94(7)747–753
   Google Scholar
• Klein R, Moss S E, Klein B E. New management concepts for timely diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy treatable by photocoagulation. Diabet Care. 1987; 10(5)633–638
   Google Scholar
• Newcomb P A, Klein R, Massoth K M. Education to increase ophthalmologic care in older onset diabetes patients: Indications from the Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. J Diabet Complications. 1992; 6(4)211–217
   Google Scholar
• Newcomb P A, Klein R. Factors associated with compliance following diabetic eye screening. J Diabetes Complications. 1990; 4(1)8–14
   Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Gregg E W, Cheng Y J, et al. Correctable visual impairment among persons with diabetes–United States, 1999–2000. JAMA 2007; 297: 34–36
   Google Scholar
• Dasbach E J, Fryback D G, Newcomb P A, et al. Cost-effectiveness of strategies for detecting diabetic retinopathy. Med Care. 1991; 29(1)20–39
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Javitt J C, Canner J K, Sommer A. Cost effectiveness of current approaches to the control of retinopathy in type I diabetics. Ophthalmology. 1989; 96(2)255–264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dasbach E J, Klein R, Klein B E, et al. Self-rated health and mortality in people with diabetes. Am J Public Health. 1994; 84(11)1775–1779
   Google Scholar
• Zhou H, Isaman D J, Messinger S, et al. A computer simulation model of diabetes progression, quality of life, and cost. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28(12)2856–2863
   Google Scholar
• Klein B E, Klein R, Moss S E. Self-rated health and diabetes of long duration. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 1998; 21(2)236–240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein R, Moss S E, Klein B E, et al. The NEI-VFQ-25 in people with long-term type 1 diabetes mellitus: The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001; 119(5)733–740
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klein R, Moss S. A comparison of the study populations in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and the Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. Arch Intern Med. 1995; 155(7)745–754
   Google Scholar
• D'Agostino R B, Kwan H. Measuring effectiveness. What to expect without a randomized control group. Med Care 1995; 33: AS95–105, (4 Suppl)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varma R, Torres M, Pena F, et al. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in adult Latinos: The Los Angeles Latino Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2004; 111(7)1298–1306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee E T, Lee V S, Kingsley R M, et al. Diabetic retinopathy in Oklahoma Indians with NIDDM. Incidence and risk factors. Diabetes Care. 1992; 15(11)1620–1627
   Google Scholar
• Nelson R G, Newman J M, Knowler W C, et al. Incidence of end-stage renal disease in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in Pima Indians. Diabetologia. 1988; 31(10)730–736
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• West K M, Erdreich L J, Stober J A. A detailed study of risk factors for retinopathy and nephropathy in diabetes. Diabetes. 1980; 29(7)501–508
   Google Scholar
• Hamman R F, Mayer E J, Moo-Young G A, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics with NIDDM. San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. Diabetes. 1989; 38(10)1231–1237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arfken C L, Salicrup A E, Meuer S M, et al. Retinopathy in African Americans and whites with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med. 1994; 154(22)2597–2602
   Google Scholar
• Fujimoto W, Fukuda M. Natural history of diabetic retinopathy and its treatment in Japan. Diabetes in Asia. Ecological Aspects of Epidemiology, Complications and Treatment, S Baba, Y Goto, I Fukui. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam 1976; 225–231
   Google Scholar
• Nayak B S, Roberts L. Relationship between inflammatory markers, metabolic and anthropometric variables in the Caribbean type 2 diabetic patients with and without microvascular complications. J Inflamm (Lond) 2006; 317
   Google Scholar
• Meleth A D, Agron E, Chan C C, et al. Serum inflammatory markers in diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005; 46(11)4295–4301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suganthalakshmi B, Anand R, Kim R, et al. Association of VEGF and eNOS gene polymorphisms in type 2 diabetic retinopathy. Mol Vis 2006; 12336–341
   Google Scholar
• Ray D, Mishra M, Ralph S, et al. Association of the VEGF gene with proliferative diabetic retinopathy but not proteinuria in diabetes. Diabetes. 2004; 53(3)861–864
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uhlmann K, Kovacs P, Boettcher Y, et al. Genetics of diabetic retinopathy. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2006; 114(6)275–294
   Google Scholar
• Funk M, Endler G, Exner M, et al. PAI-1 4G/5G insertion/deletion promoter polymorphism and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2005; 117(19–20)707–710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshioka K, Yoshida T, Takakura Y, et al. Relation between polymorphisms G1704T and G82S of rage gene and diabetic retinopathy in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. Intern Med. 2005; 44(5)417–421
   Google Scholar
• Hudson B I, Stickland M H, Futers T S, et al. Effects of novel polymorphisms in the RAGE gene on transcriptional regulation and their association with diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes. 2001; 50(6)1505–1511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiello L P, Davis M D, Girach A, et al. Effect of ruboxistaurin on visual loss in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2006; 113(12)2221–2230
   Google Scholar
• Grant M B, Caballero S. Somatostatin analogues as drug therapies for retinopathies. Drugs Today (Barc). 2002; 38(11)783–791
   Google Scholar
• Palii S S, Caballero S, Jr., Shapiro G, et al. Medical treatment of diabetic retinopathy with somatostatin analogues. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2007; 16(1)73–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorge R, Costa R A, Calucci D, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for persistent new vessels in diabetic retinopathy (IBEPE study). Retina. 2006; 26(9)1006–1013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haritoglou C, Kook D, Neubauer A, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) therapy for persistent diffuse diabetic macular edema. Retina. 2006; 26(9)999–1005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen Q D, Tatlipinar S, Shah S M, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a critical stimulus for diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006; 142(6)961–969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanyali A, Horozoglu F, Celik E, et al. Pars plana vitrectomy and removal of the internal limiting membrane in diabetic macular edema unresponsive to grid laser photocoagulation. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2006; 16(4)573–581
   Google Scholar
• Kuppermann B D, Thomas E L, de Smet M D, et al. Safety results of two phase III trials of an intravitreous injection of highly purified ovine hyaluronidase (Vitrase) for the management of vitreous hemorrhage. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005; 140(4)585–597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillies M C, Sutter F K, Simpson J M, et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone for refractory diabetic macular edema: Two-year results of a double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Ophthalmology. 2006; 113(9)1533–1538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardillo J A, Melo L A, Jr., Costa R A, et al. Comparison of intravitreal versus posterior sub-Tenon's capsule injection of triamcinolone acetonide for diffuse diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2005; 112(9)1557–1563
   Google Scholar
• Idris I, Donnelly R. Protein kinase C beta inhibition: A novel therapeutic strategy for diabetic microangiopathy. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2006; 3(3)172–178
   Google Scholar
• Axer-Siegel R, Herscovici Z, Gabbay M, et al. The relationship between diabetic retinopathy, glycemic control, risk factor indicators and patient education. Isr Med Assoc J 2006; 8(8)523–526
   Google Scholar