Epidemiology of Cataract: Accomplishments over 25 years and Future Directions

REFERENCES

• Resnikoff S, Pascolini D, D'etyale D., et al. Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002. Bull World Health Org 2004; 82: 844–851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chylack L T, Leske M C, Sperduto R, et al. Lens opacity classification system. Arch Ophthalmol 1988; 106: 330–334
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• West S K, Rosenthal F, Newland H S, Taylor H R. Use of photographic techniques to grade nuclear cataracts. Invest Ophthal Vis Sci 1988; 29: 73–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparrow J, Born A J, Brown N A, Ayliffe W, Hill A R. The Oxford Clinical Cataract Classification and Grading System. Int Ophthalmol 1986; 9: 207–225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor H R, West S K. The clinical grading of lens opacities. Aust New Zeal J Ophthalmol 1989; 17: 81–86
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klein B EK, Klein R, Linton K, et al. Assessment of cataract from photographs in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology 1990; 97: 1428–1433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West S K, Munoz B, Schein O D, Duncan D D, Rubin G S. Racial differences in lens opacities: the Salisbury Eye Evaluation (SEE) project. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 148: 1033–1039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leske M C, Connell A M, Wu S Y, Hyman L, Schachat A. Prevalence of lens opacities in the Barbados Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol 1997; 115: 105–111
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leske M C, Wu S Y, Nemesure B, Yang L, Hennis A, Barbados Eye Studies Group. Nine-year incidence of lens opacities in the Barbados Eye Studies. Ophthalmology 2004; 111: 483–490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varma R, Torres M. Los Angeles Latino Eye Study Group. Prevalence of lens opacities in Latinos: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2004; 111: 1449–1456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seah S K, Wong T Y, Foster P J, Ng T P, Johnson G J. Prevalence of lens opacity in Chinese residents of Singapore: the Tanjong Pagar survey. Ophthalmology 2002; 109: 2058–2064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai S Y, Hsu W M, Cheng C Y, Liu J H, Chou P. Epidemiologic study of age-related cataracts among an elderly Chinese population in Shih-Pai, Taiwan. Ophthalmology 2003; 110: 1089–1095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West S K, Valmadrid C T. Epidemiology of risk factors for age related cataract. Surv Ophthalmol 1995; 39: 323–334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham A G, Congdon N C, Gower E W. The new epidemiology of cataract. Ophthalmol Clin N Amer 2006; 19: 415–425
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Varma S D. Aldose reductase and the etiology of diabetic cataract. Curr Topics Eye Res 1970; 3: 91
   Google Scholar
• Biswas S, Harris F, Singh J, Phoenix D S. Role of calpains in diabetes mellitus-induced cataractogenesis. Mol Cell Biochem 2004; 261: 151–159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein B E, Klein R, Lee K E. Diabetes, cardiovascular disease, selected cardiovascular risk factors and 5 year incidence of age related cataract and progression of lens opacities. Am J Ophthalmol 1998; 126: 782–790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennis A, Wu S Y, Nemesure B, et al. Risk factors for incident cortical and posterior sub-capsular lens opacities in the Barbados Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol 2004; 122: 525–530
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• West S K, Duncan D D, Munoz B, et al. Sunlight exposure and risk of lens opacities in a population-based study: The Salisbury Eye Evaluation Project. J Am Med Assoc 1998; 280: 714–718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxena S, Mitchell P, Rochtchina E. Five year incidence of cataract in older persons with diabetes and pre-diabetes. Ophthalmic Epi 2004; 11: 271–277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein B EK, Klein R, Moss S E. Prevalence of cataract in a population based study of persons with diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmology 1990; 92: 1191–1196
   Google Scholar
• Leske M C, Wu S Y, Hennis A, et al. Diabetes, hypertension, and central obesity as cataract risk factors in a black population. The Barbados Eye Study. Ophthalmology 1999; 106: 35–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollows F, Moran D. Cataract–the ultraviolet risk factor. Lancet 1981; 2: 1249–125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brilliant L B, Grasset N C, Pokhrel R P, Kolstad A, Lepkowski J M, Brilliant G E, Hawks W N, Pararajasegaram R. Associations among cataract prevalence, sunlight hours, and altitude in the Himalayas. Am J Epidemiol 1983; 118: 250–264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitts D G. Ocular Ultraviolet effects from 295nm to 335 nm in the rabbit eye. US Dept Health, Education, and Welfare, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 1976; 1–50, DHEW (NIOSH)Publ No 77–130
   Google Scholar
• Duncan D D, Schneider W, West K J, Kirkpatrick S J, West S K. The development of personal dosimeters for use in the visible and ultraviolet wavelengths regions. The Salisbury Eye Evaluation Team. Photochem Photobiol 1995; 62: 94–100
   Google Scholar
• Duncan D D, Munoz B, Bandeen Roche K, West S K. Visible and ultraviolet-B ocular-ambient exposure ratios for a general population. Salisbury Eye Evaluation Project. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997; 38: 1003–1011
   Google Scholar
• Duncan D D, Munoz B, Bandeen-Roche K, West S K. Assessment of ocular exposure to ultraviolet-B for population studies: Salisbury Eye Evaluation Project. Photochem Photobiol 1997; 66: 701–709
   Google Scholar
• Taylor H R, West S K, Rosenthal F S, Munoz B, Newland H S, Abbey H, Emmett E A. Effect of ultraviolet radiation on cataract formation. New Engl J Med 1988; 1(319)1429–33
   Google Scholar
• West S K, Longstreth J D, Munoz B E, Pitcher H M, Duncan D D. Model of risk of cortical cataract in the US population with exposure to increased ultraviolet radiation due to stratospheric ozone depletion. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 162: 1080–1088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• http://www.epa.gov/ne/sunwise/index.html
   Google Scholar
• http://www.sunsmart.com.au/
   Google Scholar
• http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hl-vs/securit/sports/sun-sol/index_e.html
   Google Scholar
• Shui Y B, Fu J J, Garcia C, et al. Oxygen distribution in the rabbit eye and oxygen consumption by the lens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47: 1571–1580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu S Y, Leske M C. Antioxidants and cataract formation: a summary review. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2000; 40: 71–81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McNeil J J, Robinson L, Tikellis G, et al. Vitamin E supplementation and cataract. Randomized controlled trial. Ophthalmology 2004; 111: 75–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Age Related Eye disease Study Group. A randomized placebo controlled clinical trial of high dose supplementation with vitamins C and E and beta carotene for age related cataract and vision loss: AREDS report no 9. Arch Ophthalmol 2001; 119: 1439–1452
   Google Scholar
• Gritz D C, Srinivasan M, Smith S D, et al. The antioxidant in prevention of cataract study: effects of antioxidant supplements on cataract progression in South India. Br J Ophthalmol 2006; 90: 847–851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holekamp N M, Shui Y B, Beebe D C. Vitrectomy surgery increases oxygen exposure to the lens: a possible mechanism for nuclear cataract formation. Am J Ophthalmol 2005; 139: 302–310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harocopos G J, Shui Y B, McKinnon M, et al. Importance of vitreous liquefaction in age related cataract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45: 77–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman E E, Munoz B, Schein O D. West SK Hormone replacement therapy and lens opacities: the Salisbury Eye Evaluation Project. Arch Ophthalmol 2001; 119: 1687–1692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein B E, Klein R, Ritter L L. Is there evidence of an estrogen effect on age-related lens opacities? The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol 1994; 112: 85–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman E E, Munoz B, Schein O D, West S K. Incidence and progression of lens opacities: effect of hormone replacement therapy and reproductive factors. Epidemiology 2004; 15: 451–457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein B E, Klein R, Lee K E. Reproductive exposures, incident age related cataracts, and age-related maculopathy in women: the Beaver Dam Eye study. Am J Ophthalmol 2000; 130: 322–326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein B E, Klein R, Lee K K, Grady L M. Statin use and incident nuclear cataract. J Am Med Assoc 2006; 295: 2752–2758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leske M C. Nuclear cataract: do statins reduce risk?. Arch Ophthalmol. (commentary) 2007; 125: 401–402
   Google Scholar
• Cummings R G, Mitchell P, Leeder S R. Use of inhaled corticosteroids and risk of cataracts. New Eng J Med 1997; 337: 8–14
   Google Scholar
• Leske M C, Wu S Y, Nemesure B, et al. Risk factors for incident nuclear opacities. Ophthalmology 2002; 109: 1303–1308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heijl A, Leske M C, Bengtsson B, et al. Reduction of intraocular pressure and glaucoma progression: Results from the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial. Arch Ophthalmol 2002; 120: 1268–1279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman D C, Gordon M O, Beiser J A, et al. Topical ocular hypotensive medication and lens opacification: evidence from the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 142: 800–810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West S K, Munoz B, Emmett E A, Taylor H R. Cigarette smoking and risk of nuclear cataract. Arch Ophthalmol 1989; 107: 1166–1169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West S, Munoz B, Schein O D, Vitale S, Maguire M, Taylor H R, Bressler N M. Cigarette smoking and risk for progression of nuclear opacities. Arch Ophthalmol 1995; 113: 1377–1380
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flaye D E, Sullivan K N, Cullinan T R, et al. Cataract and cigarette smoking. The City Eye Study. Eye 1989; 3: 379–384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christen W G, Manson J E, Seddon J M, et al. A prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of cataract in men. J Am Med Assoc 1992; 268: 989–993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christen W G, Glynn R J, Ajani U A, et al. Smoking cessation and risk of age related cataract in men. J Am Med Assoc 2000; 284: 713–716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Department of Health and Human Services. 2004 Surgeon General's Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office on smoking and health. US government printing Office, Atlanta, GA 2004; 777, Washington DC
   Google Scholar
• Hammond C J, Snieder H, Spector T D, et al. Genetic and environmental factors in age related nuclear cataracts in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. New Eng J Med 2000; 342: 1786–1790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Congdon N, Broman K W, Lai H, et al. Nuclear cataract shows significant familial aggregation in the older population after adjustment for possible shared environmental factors. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45: 2182–2186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein A P, Duggal P, Lee K E, O'Neill J A, Klein R, Bailey-Wilson J E, Klein B E. Polygenic effects and cigarette smoking account for a portion of the familial aggregation of nuclear sclerosis. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 161: 707–713
   Google Scholar
• Hammond C J, Duncan D, Sneider H, et al. The Heritability of age related cortical cataract: The Twin Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001; 42: 601–605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Congdon N, Broman K W, Lai H, et al. Cortical but not posterior sub capsular cataract shows significant familial aggregation in an older population after adjustment for possible shared environmental factors. Ophthalmology 2005; 112: 73–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun H, Ma Z, Li Y, et al. Gamma-S crystallin gene (CRYGS) mutation causes dominant progressive cortical cataract in humans. J Med Genet 2005; 42: 706–710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyengar S K, Klein B E, Klein R, et al. Identification of a major locus for age-related cortical cataract on chromosome 6p12-q12 in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004; 101: 14485–14490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limburg H, Foster A, Vaidyanathan K, Murthy G V. Monitoring visual outcome of cataract surgery in India. Bull World Health Org 1999; 77: 455–460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venkata G, Murthy S, Gupta S K, Bachani D, Jose R, John N. Current estimates of Blindness in India. Br. J. Ophthalmol 2005; 89: 257–260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abou-Gareeb I, Lewallen S, Bassett K, Courtright P. Gender and Blindness: a meta analyses of population-based surveys. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2001; 8: 39–56
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marseille E, Brand R. The distribution of cataract surgery services in a public health eye care program in Nepal. Health Policy 1997; 42: 117–133
   Google Scholar
• Snellingen T, Shrestha B R, Charti M P, Shrestha J K, Upadhyay M P, Pokhrel R P. Socioeconomic barriers to cataract surgery in Nepal: the South Asian cataract management study. Br J Ophthalmol 1998; 82: 1424–1428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewallen S, Courtright P. Gender and use of cataract surgical services in developing countries. Bull World Health Org 2002; 80: 300–303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandona L, Dandona R, Naduvilath T J, McCarty C A, Mandal P, Srinivas M, Nanda A, Rao G N. Population-based assessment of the outcome of cataract surgery in an urban population in southern India. Am J Ophthalmol 1999; 127: 650–658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West S K, Munoz B, Schein O D, Duncan D D, Rubin G S. Racial differences in lens opacities: the Salisbury Eye Evaluation (SEE) Project. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 148: 1033–1039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broman A T, Hafiz G, Munoz B, Rodriguez J, Snyder R, Klein R, West S K. Cataract and barriers to cataract surgery in a US Hispanic population: Proyecto VER. Arch Ophthalmol 2005; 123: 1231–1236
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang X, Saaddine J B, Lee P P, et al. Eye Care in the United States: Do we deliver to high risk people who can benefit most from it?. Arch Ophthalmol 2007; 125: 411–418
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schein O D, Katz J, Bass E B, Tielsch J M, Lubomski L H, Feldman M A, Petty B G, Steinberg E P. The value of routine preoperative medical testing before cataract surgery. Study of Medical Testing for Cataract Surgery. New Engl J Med 2000; 342: 168–175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West E S, Behrens A, McDonnell P J, Tielsch J, Schein O D. The incidence of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery among the U.S. Medicare population increased between 1994 and 2001. Ophthalmology 2005; 112: 1388–1394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemens T E, Kurinij N, Sperduto R D. AREDS Research Group. Associations of mortality with ocular disorders and an intervention of high-dose antioxidants and zinc in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study: AREDS Report No. 13. Arch Ophthalmol 2004; 122: 716–726
   Google Scholar
• Nucci C, Cedrone C, Culasso F, et al. Association between lens opacities and mortality in the Priverno Eye Study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2004; 242: 289–294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams S L, Ferrigno L, Mora P, Rosmini F, Mariani G. Baseline cataract type and 10-year mortality in the Italian-American Case-Control Study of age-related cataract. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 156: 127–131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J J, Mitchell P, Simpson J M, Cumming R G, Smith W. Visual impairment, age-related cataract, and mortality. Arch Ophthalmol 2001; 119: 1186–1190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennis A, Wu S Y, Li X, et al. Lens opacities and mortality: the Barbados Eye Studies. Ophthalmology 2001; 108: 498–504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West S K, Munoz B, Istre J, Rubin G S, Friedman S M, Fried L P, Bandeen-Roche K, Schein O D. Mixed lens opacities and subsequent mortality. Arch Ophthalmol 2000; 118: 393–397
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McGwin G, Owsley C, Gauthreaux S. The association between cataract and mortality among older adults. Ophthalmic Epi 2003; 10: 107–119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gracey R W, Yuksei K U, Jacobsen T M, et al. Cellular models and tissue equivalent systems for evaluating the structures and significance of age modified proteins. Gerontology 1991; 137: 113–127
   Google Scholar