Ophthalmic Manifestations of HIV Infections in India in the Era of HAART: Analysis of 100 Consecutive Patients Evaluated at a Tertiary Eye Care Center in India

REFERENCES

• Gottlieb M S, Schroff R, Schanker H M, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men: Evidence of a new acquired cellular immunodeficiency. N. Engl J Med 1981; 305: 1425–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masur H, Michelis M A, Green J B, et al. An outbreak of community-acquired Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: Initial manifestation of cellular immune dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 1981; 305: 1431–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barre-Sinoussi F, Chermann J C. The etiologic agent of AIDS. Mt. Sinai J Med 1986; 53: 598–608
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Safai B, Sarnagadharan M G, Groopman J E, Arnett K, et al. Seroepidemiological studies of human T-lymphotropic retrovirus type III in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Lancet 1984; 1: 1438–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simoes E AF, Babu P G, John T J, et al. Evidence of HTLV III infection in prostitutes in India. Ind J Med Res 1987; 87: 335–3
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. AIDS Epidemic Update. WHO, Geneva December, 2005; 7
   Google Scholar
• National AIDS Control Organization. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Annual Report, 2002–2004. National AIDS Control Organization, Mumbai
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. “Fact Sheet, Asia.”. WHO, Geneva 21 November, 2005
   Google Scholar
• Hodge W G, Seiff S R, Margolis T P. Ocular opportunistic infection incidences among patients who are HIV positive compared to patients who are HIV negative. Ophthalmology 1998; 105: 895–900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biswas J, Madhavan H N, Badrinath S S. Ocular lesions in AIDS: A report of first two cases in India. Ind J Ophthalmol 1995; 43: 69–72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Biswas J, Joseph A, Raizada S, et al. Ophthalmic manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection in India. Ind J Ophthalmol. 1999; 47: 87–9
   Google Scholar
• Biswas J, Madhavan H N, George A E, et al. Ocular lesions associated with HIV Infection. Am J Ophthalmol 2000; 129: 9–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Programs Center, Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau, HIV/AIDS. Surveillance Data Base. HIV/AIDS Profile: India. US Census Bureau, Washington, DC June, 2000
   Google Scholar
• National AIDS Control Organization, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Annual Report, 2002–2003, 2003–2004. National AIDS Control Organization, Mumbai
   Google Scholar
• National AIDS Control Organization, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Programme Implementation Guidelines for Phased Scale Up of Access to Antiretroviral Therapy for People Living with HIV/AIDS. NACO, Mumbai
   Google Scholar
• Comprehensive Management Training Programme for Service Providers in Eye Care, http://www.vision2020india.org/orbiscourse/about_programme.asp
   Google Scholar
• Sato P A, Maskill W J, Tamashiro H, et al. Strategies for laboratory HIV testing: An examination of alternative approaches not requiring Western blot. Bull WHO 1994; 72(1)129–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamashiro H, Maskill W J, Emmanuel J, et al. Reducing the cost of HIV antibody testing. Lancet 1993; 342(8863)87–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anon. Recommendation for the selection and use of HIV antibody tests. WHO Weekly Epidemiol. 1992; 20: 145–49
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1993 Revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. MMWR 1992; 41(RR-17)1–19
   Google Scholar
• Vrabec T R. Posterior segment manifestations of HIV/AIDS. Surv Ophthalmol 2004; 49: 131–157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabs D A. Ocular manifestations of HIV infection. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1995; 93: 623–683
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tay Kearne M L, Jabs D A. Ophthalmic complications of HIV infection. Med Clin North Am. 1996; 80: 1471–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloom J N, Palestine A G. The diagnosis of Cytomegalovirus retinitis. Ann Intern Med 1988; 109: 963–969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karavellas M P, Song M, Macdonald J C, et al. Long term posterior and anterior segment complications of immune recovery uveitis associated with cytomegalovirus retinitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2000; 130: 57–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen Q D, Kempman J H, Bolton S G, et al. Immune recovery uveitis in patients with AIDS and cytomegalovirus retinitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2000; 129: 634–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland G N. Immune recovery uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 1999; 7: 215–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuppermann B D, Holland G N. Immune recovery uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2000; 130: 103–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland G N. Standard diagnostic criteria for criteria the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Executive Committee of the American Uveitis Society. Am J Ophthalmol 1994; 117: 663–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma P M, Singh R, Kumar A, et al. Choroidal tubercoloma in milliary tuberculosis. Retina 2003; 23: 101–104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boldi B A, Jhonson M W, Mcleish S M, et al. Presumed choroidal tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Am J Ophthalmol 1989; 118: 605–607
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alekseev B N, Sibai S A. Definition of the term “complicated cataracts”. Vestn Oftalmol. 1996; 112(4)26–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holladay J T, Prager T C. Mean visual acuity. Am J Ophthalmol 1991; 111: 372–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palella F J, Jr, Delaney K M, Moorman A C, et al. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators: Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 853–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabs D A, Van Natta M L, Kempen J H, et al. Characteristics of patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002; 133: 48–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteman M, Espinoza L, Post M J, Bell M D, et al. Central nervous system tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients: Clinical and radiographic findings. Am J Neuroradiol 1995; 16: 1319–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mwanza J C, Nyamabo L K, Tylleskär T, et al. Neuro-ophthalmological disorders in HIV infected subjects with neurological manifestations. Br J Ophthalmol 2004; 88: 1455–59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kossorotoff M, Touzé E, Godon-Hardy S, et al. Cerebral vasculopathy with aneurysm formation in HIV-infected young adults. Neurology. 2006; 66: 1121–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brian H R, Laura M, Mark J, et al. Identification of HIV and Hepatitis C infected patients in a northern, urban emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2000; 7: 578
   Google Scholar
• Brown M M, Thompson A, Goh B T, et al. Bell's palsy and HIV infection. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988; 51: 425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartoretti-Schefer S, Wichmann W, Valavanis A. Idiopathic, herpetic, and HIV-associated facial nerve palsies: Abnormal MR enhancement patterns. Am J Neuroradiol. 1994; 15: 479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen C, Malhotra R, Muecke J, et al. Aberrant facial nerve regeneration (AFR): An under-recognized cause of ptosis. Eye 2004; 18: 159–162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman D I. Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Neurol Clin 1991; 9: 55–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandor E, Milman A, Croxson T S, et al. Herpes zoster opthalmicus in patients at risk for the acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Am J Opthalmol 1986; 101: 153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman H. Epithelial erosion syndrome: Metaherpetic keratits. Am J Ophthalmol. 1964; 57: 983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spraul W C, Grossnikalaus H E. Vitreous hemorrhage. Surv Ophthalmol. 1997; 42: 3–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Susan L, Paul C. HIV and AIDS and the eye in developing countries. Arch Ophthalmol 1997; 115: 1291–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Awan H R, Adala H S. Ophthalmic manifestations of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Kenya Ophthal Pract. 1996; 2: 92–102
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson M A, Schrier R, McCune J M, et al. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific CD4+ T lymphocyte immune function in long-term survivors of AIDS-related C MV end-organ disease who are receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 2001; 183: 1399–404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komanduri K V, Feinberg J, Hutchins R K, et al. Loss of cytomegalovirus-specific CD4+ T cell responses in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients with high CD4+ T cell counts and recurrent retinitis. J Infect Dis. 2001; 183: 1285–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Accorinti M, Pirraglia M P, Corradi R, et al. Changing patterns of ocular manifestations in HIV seropositive patients treated with HAART. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2006; 16: 728–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pathni A K, Chauhan L S. HIV/TB in India: A public health challenge. J Ind Med Assoc 2003; 101: 148–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sharma S K, Mohan A, Kadhiravan T. HIV-TB co-infection: Epidemiology, diagnosis & management. Indian J Med Res 2005; 121: 550–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabs D A. AIDS and Ophthalmolgy in 2004. Arch Ophthalmol 2004; 122: 1040–42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vajpayee M, Malhotra N, Seth P, et al. HIV seropositivity in women with syphilis in Delhi, India. Sex Trans Inf 2000; 76: 59–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh S. Human toxoplasmosis in India before and after AIDS epidemic. Ann Nat Acad Med Sci (India) 1997; 33: 15–24
   Google Scholar
• Palella F J, Delaney K M, Moorman A C, et al. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators: Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 853–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar