Carotenoids and Co-Antioxidants in Age-Related Maculopathy: Design and Methods

REFERENCES

• Congdon N, O'Colmain B, Klaver C CW, et al. Causes and prevalence of visual impairment among adults in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004; 122: 477–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans J R, Fletcher A E, Wormald R PL. Causes of visual impairment in people aged 75 years and older in Britain: an add-on study to the MRC Trial of Assessment and management of older people in the community. Br J Ophthalmol 2004; 88: 365–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman D S, O'Colmain B J, Munoz B, et al. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004; 122: 564–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyman L G, Lilienfeld A H, Ferris F L, et al. Senile macular degeneration: A case-control study. Am J Ophthalmol 1983; 118: 213–22
   Google Scholar
• Leibowitz H M, Krueger D E, Maunder L R. The Framingham Eye Study. Surv Ophthalmol. 1980; 24(Suppl)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bartlett H, Eperjesi F, Ali A, et al. Risk factors associated with age-related macular disease. Optom Practise. 2004; 5: 15–32
   Google Scholar
• Owen C G, Fletcher A E, Donoghue M, et al. How big is the burden of visual loss caused by age-related macular degeneration in the United Kingdom?. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003; 87: 312–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macular Photocoagulation Study Group. Argon laser photocoagulation for neovascular maculopathy. Five-year results from controlled clinical trials. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991; 109: 1109–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treatment of Age-related Macular Degeneration with Photodynamic therapy (TAP) Study Group. Photodynamic therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration with verteporfin: One-year results of 2 randomized clinical trials-TAP report No 1. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999; 117: 1329–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treatment of Age-related Macular Degeneration with Photodynamic Therapy (TAP) Study Group. Photodynamic therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration with verteporfin: Two-year results of 2 randomized clinical trials-TAP report 2. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001; 119: 198–207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verteporfin In Photodynamic Therapy Study Group. Verteporfin therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration: Two-year results of a randomized clinical trial including lesions with occult with no classic choroidal neovascularization-Verteporfin In Photodynamic therapy report 2. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001; 131: 541–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gragoudas E S, Adamis A P, Cunningham E TJ, et al. Pegaptanib for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351: 2805–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VEGF Inhibition Study in Ocular Neovascularization (V.I.S.I.O.N) Clinical Trial Group. Year 2 efficacy results of 2 randomized controlled clinical trials of pegaptanib for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2006; 113: 1508–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahill M T, Banks A D, Stinnett S S, et al. Vision-related quality of life in patients with bilateral severe age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2005; 112: 152–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis C A, Lovie-Kitchin J E, Thompson B. Psychosocial adjustment to age-related macular degeneration. J Vis Impair Blindness. 1995; 89: 16–27
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeCarlo D K, Scilley K, Wells J, et al. Driving habits and health-related quality of life in patients with age-related maculopathy. Optom Vision Sci. 2003; 80: 207–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamoureux E L, Hassell J B, Keeffe J E. The determinants of participation in activities of daily living in people with impaired vision. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004; 137: 265–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson M R, Hart P M, Montgomery A M, et al. Reduced vision in older adults with age-related macular degeneration interferes with ability to care for self and impairs role as carer. Br J Ophthalmol 2004; 88: 1125–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams R A, Brody B L, Thomas R G, et al. The psychosocial impact of macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol. 1998; 116: 514–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty S, Boulton M E, Henson D B. Macular pigment and age-related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol. 1999; 83: 867–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landrum J T, Bone R A, Kilburn M D. The macular pigment: A possible role in protection from age-related macular degeneration. Adv Pharm. 1997; 38: 537–56
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bone R A, Landrum J T, Tarsis S L. Preliminary identification of the human macular pigment. Vision Res. 1985; 25: 1531–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snodderly D M, Handelman G J, Adler A J. Distribution of individual macular pigment carotenoids in central retina of macaque and squirrel monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1991; 32: 268–79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson E J, Hammond B R, Yeum K J. Relation among serum and tissue concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin and macular pigment density. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 71: 1555–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Age-Related Eye Disease Study Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and visual loss. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001; 119: 1417–36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barlett H E, Eperjesi F. Effect of lutein and anti-oxidant dietary supplementation on contrast sensitivity in age-related macular disease: A randomized controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007; 31
   Google Scholar
• Massacesi K R, Faletra R, Gerosa F. The effect of oral supplementation of macular carotenoids (lutein and zeaxanthin) on the prevention of age-related macular degeneration: A 18 months of follow up study. Ass Res Vis Ophthalmol. 2001; 42: 234
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olmedilla B, Granado F, Blanco I, et al. Lutein in patients with cataract and age-related macular degeneration: A long-term supplementation study. J Sci Food Agr. 2001; 81: 904–9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richer S. ARMD-pilot (case-series) environmental intervention data. J Am Optom Assoc. 1999; 70: 24–36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richer S, Stiles W, Statkute L. Double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of lutein and antioxidant supplementation in the intervention of atrophic age-related macular degeneration: The Veterans LAST study (Lutein Antioxidant Supplementation Trial). Optometry. 2004; 75: 216–30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chong E W-T, Wong T Y, Kreis A J, et al. Dietary antioxidants and primary prevention of age-related macular degeneration: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2007
   Google Scholar
• Beatty S, Koh H H, Henson D, et al. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol 2000; 45: 115–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Augood C, Fletcher A, Bentham G. Methods for a population-based study of the prevalence of and risk factors for age-related maculopathy and macular degeneration in elderly European populations: The EUREYE Study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2004; 11: 117–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferris F L, Kassoff A, Bresnick G H, Bailey I. New visual acuity charts for clinical research. Am J Ophthalmol. 1982; 94: 91–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferris F L, Kassoff A, Bresnick G. New visual acuity charts for clinical research. Am J Ophthalmol. 1982; 94: 91–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grignolo F M, Moscone F, Carenini-Boles A. Assessment of malingerer's visual acuity by Lotmar's visometer test. Ann Ophthalmol. 1988; 20: 335–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang Y Z, Wilson E, Locke K G, et al. Shape discrimination in age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43: 2055–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chylack L T, Leske C M, McCarthy D. Lens Opacities Classification System II. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989; 107: 991–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bernstein P S, Yoshida M D, Katz N B. Raman detection of macular carotenoid pigments in intact human retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998; 39: 2003–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ermakov I V, McClane R W, Gellermann W. Resonant Raman detection of macular pigment levels in the living human retina. Opt Lett. 2001; 26: 202–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neelam K, O'Gorman N, Nolan J M, et al. Measurement of macular pigment: Raman spectroscopy versus heterochromatic flicker photometry. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005; 46: 1023–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein R, Davis M D, Magli Y L. The Wisconsin age-related maculopathy grading system. Ophthalmology. 1991; 98: 1128–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholl H PN, Peto T, Dandekar S S, et al. Interobserver and intraobserver variability in grading lesions of age-related maculopathy and macular degeneration. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2003; 241: 39–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Leeuwen R, Chakravarthy U, Vingerling J R, et al. Grading of age-related maculopathy for epidemiological studies: Is digital imaging as good as 35-mm film?. Ophthalmology. 2003; 110: 1540–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omenn G S, Goodman G E, Thornquist M D. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334: 1150–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Alpha-Tocopherol BCCPSG. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330: 1029–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goralczeyk R, Barker F, Froescheis O, et al. Ocular safety of lutein and zeaxanthin in a long term study in Cynomolgous monkeys. Assoc Res Vision Ophthalmol. 2002; 43: 2546
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins M Y, Mitchell G V, Grundel E. Natural tocopherols in a dietary supplement of lutein affect tissue distribution of tocopherols in young rats. Nutr Cancer. 2000; 37: 207–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruger C L, Murphy M, DeFreitus Z. An innovative approach to the determination of safety for a dietary ingredient derived from a new source: Case study using crystalline lutein product. Food ChemToxicol. 2002; 40: 1535–49
   Google Scholar
• Aleman T S, Duncan J L, Bieber M L. Macular pigment and lutein supplementation in retinitis pigmentosa and Usher syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001; 42: 1873–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagnelie G, Zorge I S, McDonald T M. Lutein improves visual function in some patients with retinal degeneration; A pilot study via the internet. Optometry. 2000; 71: 147–64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duncan I L, Aleman T S, Gardner L M, et al. Macular pigment and lutein supplementation in choroideremia. Exp Eye Res. 2002; 74: 371–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landrum J T, Bone R A, Joa H. A one year study of the macular pigment:The effect of 140 days of a lutein supplement. Exp Eye Res. 1997; 65: 57–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granado F, Olmedilla B, Gil-Martinez E, et al. Lutein ester in serum after lutein supplementation in human subjects. Br J Nutr. 1998; 80: 445–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olmedilla B, Orarado F, Gil-Martinez E, et al. Supplementation with lutein (4 months) and alpha-tocopherol (2 months), in separate or combined oral doses, in control men. Cancer Lett. 1997; 114: 179–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olmedilla B, Granado F, Southon S, et al. A European multicentre, placebo-controlled supplementation study with alpha-tocopherol, carotene-rich palm oil, lutein or lycopene: Analysis of serum responses. Clin Sci (Lond.) 2002; 102: 447–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosner B. Statistical methods in ophthalmology: An adjustment for the intraclass correlation between eyes. Biometrics. 1982; 38: 105–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chew E. Age-related eye disease study 2 protocol. 2006, Unpublished
   Google Scholar