203
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Prevalence and Causes of Visual Impairment and Blindness among Cocoa Farmers in Ghana

, , , , &
Pages 17-23 | Received 07 Jul 2015, Accepted 23 Mar 2016, Published online: 14 Dec 2016

References

  • World Bank. Supply chain risk assessment: Cocoa in Ghana, Ghana Cocoa SCRA Report, 2011. Accessed 28 January 2013 from: https://www.agriskmanagementforum.org/sites/agriskmanagementforum.org/files/Documents/Ghana%20Cocoa%20SCRA%20Report%202011%20ARMT.pdf
  • Schmid-Kubista KE, Kellner L, Maier H, et al. Effect of work-related ultraviolet exposure and ophthalmic changes in Austrian farmers: the SVB-UV study. Ophthalmic Res 2010;43:201–207.
  • Sprince NL, Zwerling C, Whitten PS, et al. Farm activities associated with eye injuries in the agricultural health study. J Agromed 2008;13:17–22.
  • Arcury TA, Quandt SA. Delivery of health services to migrant and seasonal farmworkers. Ann Rev Publ Health 2007;28:345–363.
  • Davila EP, Caban-Martinez AJ, Muennig P, et al. Sensory impairment among older US workers. Am J Public Health 2009;99:1378–1385.
  • Varma R, Ying-Lai, M, Klein, R, et al. Prevalence and risk indicators of visual impairment and blindness in Latinos. Ophthalmology 2004;111:1132–1140.
  • Aneani F, Anchirinah, VM, Owusu-Ansah F, et al. An analysis of the extent and determinants of crop diversification by cocoa (Theobroma cacao) farmers in Ghana. Afr J Agric Res 2011;6:4277–4287.
  • Ghana Statistical Service. 2010 Population and housing census. 2012. Accessed 2 June 2012 from: http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/Census2010_Summary_report_of_final_results.pdf
  • Teal F, Zeitlin A, Maamah H. Ghana Cocoa Farmers Survey 2004: Report to Ghana Cocoa Board. Centre for the Study of African Economics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, 2006.
  • Cochran WG. Sampling techniques, 3rd ed. New York: Wiley, 1977.
  • Quandt SA, Elmore RC, Arcury AT, et al. Eye symptoms and eye protection use by seasonal and migrant farmworkers. South Med J 2001;94:603–607.
  • Forst L, Noth IM, Lacey S, et al. Barriers and benefits of protective eyewear use by Latino farm workers. J Agromed 2006;11:11–17.
  • Quandt SA, Schulz RM, Talton WJ, et al. Occupational eye injuries experienced by migrant farmworkers. J Agromed 2012;17:63–69.
  • World Health Organization. Global Initiative for the Elimination of Avoidable Blindness: action plan 2006–2011, 2007. Accessed 12 June 2013 from: http://www.who.int/blindness/Vision2020_report.pdf
  • Pascolini D, Mariotti SP. Global estimates of visual impairment. Br J Ophthalmol 2010;96:614–618.
  • Naidoo KS, Jaggernath J, Martin C, et al. Prevalence of presbyopia and spectacle coverage in an African population in Durban, South Africa. Optom Vis Sci 2013;90:1424–1429.
  • International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (IAPB), Global Facts, 2010. Accessed 6 October 2014 from: http://www.iapb.org/vision-2020/global-facts
  • He M, Abdou A, Naidoo KS, et al. Prevalence and correction of near vision impairment at seven sites in China, India, Nepal, Niger, South Africa, and the United States. Am J Opthalmol 2012;154:107–116.
  • Shah SP, Jadoon MZ, Dineen B, et al. Refractive errors in the adult Pakistani population: The National Blindness and Visual Impairment Survey. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2008;15:183–190.
  • Kanski JJ. Clinical ophthalmology – a synopsis, 2nd ed. London: Butterworth Heinemann Elsevier limited, 2009.
  • Oye JE, Kuper H. Prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment in Limbe urban area, South West Province, Cameroon. Br J Ophthalmol 2007;91:1435–1439.
  • Asuming-Brempong S, Sarpong DB, Asenso-Okyere K, et al. Labour practices in cocoa production in Ghana (pilot survey). 2006. Accessed 3 July 2011 from: http://www.aktiv-gegen-kinderarbeit.de
  • Ocansey S, Kyei S, Gyedu BN, et al. Eye care seeking behaviour: a study of the people of Cape Coast Metropolis of Ghana. J Behav Health 2014;3:101–106.
  • Pitts GD, Kleinstein NR. Environmental vision; interactions of the eye, vision and the environment. London: Butterworth-Heinemann Publications, 1993:387.
  • Budenz DL, Bandi JR, Barton K, et al. Tema Eye Survey Study Group. Blindness and visual impairment in an urban West African population: the Tema Eye Survey. Ophthalmol 2012;119:1744–1753.
  • Naidoo K, Gichuhi S, Basáñez M-G, et al. Prevalence and causes of vision loss in sub-Saharan Africa: 1990–2010. Br J Ophthalmol 2014;98:612–618.
  • Guzek JP, Anyomi FK, Fiadoyor S, et al. Prevalence of blindness in people over 40 years in the Volta Region of Ghana. Gh Med J 2005;39:55–62.
  • Bastawrous A, Burgess PI, Mahdi AM, et al. Posterior segment eye disease in sub-Saharan Africa: review of recent population-based studies. Trop Med Int Health 2014;19:600–609.
  • Oduntan AO. Prevalence and causes of low vision and blindness worldwide. S Afr Optom 2005;64:44−54.
  • Moll AC, Van der Linden AJH, Hogeweg M, et al. Prevalence of blindness and low vision of people over 30 years in the Wenchi district, Ghana, in relation to eye care programmes. Br J Ophthalmol 1994;78:275–279.
  • Khairallah M, Kahloun R, Flaxman SR, et al. Vision Loss Expert Group. Prevalence and causes of vision loss in North Africa and the Middle East: 1990–2010. Br J Ophthalmol 2014;98:605–611.
  • Lewallen S, Courtright P. Blindness in Africa: present situation and future needs. Br J Ophthalmol 2001;85:897–903.
  • Mganga H, Lewallen S, Courtright P. Overcoming gender inequity in prevention of blindness and visual impairment in Africa. Mid East Afr J Ophthalmol 2011;18:98–101.
  • Isawumi MA, Ubah JN, Olomola BV, et al. Blindness and visual impairment among adults in a tertiary eye clinic, in Osogbo S W Nigeria. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2014;4:592–597.
  • Kumah BD, Ebri A, Abdul-Kabir M, et al. Refractive error and visual impairment in private school children in Ghana. Optom Vis Sci 2013;90:1456–1461.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.