Glaucoma Control Strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of the Clinical and Health Economic Evidence

References

• Tham YC, Li X, Wong TY, Quigley HA, Aung T, Cheng CY. Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2014;121:2081–2090. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.05.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quigley HA, Broman AT. The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90:262–267. doi:10.1136/bjo.2005.081224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewallen S, Hassan H, Al Attas AH, Courtright P. A population-based study of care-seeking behaviour in rural Tanzanians with glaucoma blindness. J-Glaucoma. 2011;20:361–365. doi:10.1097/IJG.0b013e3181eda983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdull MM, Gilbert C, Evans J. Primary Open Angle Glaucoma in Northern Nigeria: Stage at Presentation and Acceptance of Treatment BMC Ophthalmology. 2015;15:111.
   Google Scholar
• Palmer JJ, Chinanayi F, Gilbert A, et al. Mapping human resources for eye health in 21 countries of Sub-Saharan Africa: current progress towards VISION 2020. Hum Resour Health. 2014;12:44. doi:10.1186/1478-4491-12-44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS?locations=ZG Accessed 4th May 2017
   Google Scholar
• http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=ZG Accessed 4th May 2017
   Google Scholar
• Omoti AE, Edema OT, Akpe BA, Musa P. Cost analysis of medical versus surgical management of glaucoma in Nigeria. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2010;5(4):232&239.
   Google Scholar
• Adio AO, Onua AA. Economic burden of glaucoma in Rivers State, Nigeria. Clin Ophthalmol. 2012;6:2023–2031. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S37145.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shining a spotlight on glaucoma. The Lancet. 2009;373(4):868. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60520-1 Retrieved from https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(09)60520-1.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• http://data.worldbank.org/region/sub-saharan-africa Accessed 5th May 2017
   Google Scholar
• http://www.cebm.net/oxford-centre-evidence-based-medicine-levels-evidence-march-2009/ Accessed 23rd January 2017
   Google Scholar
• https://www.meta-analysis.com/Accessed 5th September 2017
   Google Scholar
• Cochran WG. The comparison of percentages in matched samples. Biometrika. 1950;37(3–4):256–266. doi:10.1093/biomet/37.3-4.256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavaghan DJ, Moore AR, McQuay HJ. An evaluation of homogeneity tests in meta-analyses in pain using simulations of individual patient data. Pain. 2000;85(3):415–424. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00302-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327:557–560. doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins JPT, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis Statist Med. 2002;21(11):1539–1558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munachonga EM, Hall EB, Courtright P. Examination of first-degree relatives of patients with glaucoma: a randomized trial of strategies to increase use in an eye hospital in Africa. Ophthalmic Epidemiology. 2007;14:155–159. doi:10.1080/09286580701257633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean WH, Courtright P, Cook C. Does training clinic nurses to test pinhole visual acuity as a screen for glaucoma increase glaucoma referrals to eye care professionals? Pilot Study Malawi Ophthalmic Epidemiology. 2012;19(5):293–296. doi:10.3109/09286586.2012.712193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kok M, Berendschot TTJM, Hardus P. Schiotz tonometry for glaucoma: are there simple alternatives? Trop Med Int Health. 1998;3:210–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashaye A. Use of limbal and central anterior chamber depth measurements in detecting eyes with gonioscopically occludale angles and primary angle closure glaucoma in Ibadan. Afr J Med Med Sci. 2003;32:413–416.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mahmoud AO, Omalase CO, Ekundayo K. Evaluation of the oculo-kinetic perimetry glaucoma screening test in a Sub-Saharan African setting. West Afr J Med. 2008;27:134–138.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foster A, Wormald R, van de Heida A, Templeton K, Minassian D. Evaluation of ophthalmoscopy by non-ophthalmologists in diagnosis chronic glaucoma in West Africa. Eye. 1989;3:647–650. doi:10.1038/eye.1989.99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiage D, Kherani I, Gichuhi S, Damji KF, Nyenze M. The Muranga teleophthalmology study: comparison of virtual (teleglaucoma) with in-person clinical assessment to diagnose glaucoma? Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2013;20:150–157. doi:10.4103/0974-9233.110604.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Onochie C, Okoye O, Ogunro A, Aribaba T, Hassan K, Onakoya A. Comparison of the Tono-Pen® and Goldmann applanation tonometer in the measurement of intra-ocular pressure of primary open angle glaucoma patients in a hospital population in Southwest Nigeria. Med Princ Pract. 2016;25:566–571. doi:10.1159/000448953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quigley HA, West SK, Munoz B, Mmbaga BBO, Glovinsky Y. Examination of methods for glaucoma prevalence surveys. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111:1409–1415.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giardini ME, Livingstone IA, Jordan S, et al. A smartphone based ophthalmoscope. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2014;2014:2177–2180. doi:10.1109/EMBC.2014.6944049.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olawoye O, Fawole OI, Teng CC, Ritch R. Evaluation of community eye outreach programs for early glaucoma detection in Nigeria. Clin Ophthalmol. 2013;7:1753–1759. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S46823.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koffuor GA, Ababio-Danso B, Gyanfosu L, Amoateng P. The efficacy of NHIS-listed anti-glaucoma drugs in management of primary open-angle glaucoma. J Med Biomed Sci. 2012;1:50–58.
   Google Scholar
• Tamrat L, Gessesse GW, Gelaw Y. Adherence to topical glaucoma medications in Ethiopian patients. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2015;22:59–63. doi:10.4103/0974-9233.148350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egbert PR, Fiadoyor S, Budenz DL, Dadzie P, Byrd S. Diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation as a primary surgical treatment for primary open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119:345–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwering MS, Kayange P, Klauss V, Kalua K, Spitzer MS. Low-dose transscleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation (TSCPC) as a potential single treatment for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in Malawi? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2013;251:2389–2393. doi:10.1007/s00417-013-2441-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babalola OE. Micropulse diode laser trabeculoplasty in Nigerian patients. Clin Ophthalmol. 2015;9:1347–1351. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S82678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mavrakanas N, Dhalla K, Kapesa I, Alihai A, Murdoch I. Diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation for the treatment of glaucoma in East. Africa Eye. 2013;27:453–456. doi:10.1038/eye.2012.269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giorgis AT. Initial clinical experience of tube-shunt surgery in Ethiopian patients with refractory glaucoma. Ethiop Med J. 2012;50:159–165.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woodcock MGL, Richards JC, Murray AND. The last 11 years of Molteno implantation at the University of Cape Town. Refining Our Indications and Surgical Techniques Eye. 2008;22:18–25. doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6702473.
   Google Scholar
• Gessesse GW. The Ahmed glaucoma valve in refractory glaucoma: experiences in Southwest. Ethiopia Ethiop J Health Sci. 2015;25:267–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirwan JF, Cousens S, Venter L, et al. Effect of β radiation on success of glaucoma drainage surgery in South Africa: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2006;333:942–944. doi:10.1136/bmj.38971.395301.7C.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yorston D, Khaw PT. A randomised trial of the effect of intraoperative 5-FU on the outcome of trabeculectomy in East Africa. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001;85:1028–1030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egbert PR, Williams AS, Singh K, Dadzie P, Egbert TB. A prospective trial of intraoperative fluorouracil during trabeculectomy in a Black population. Am J Ophthalmol. 1993;116:612–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mwanza J-CK, Kabasele PM. Trabeculectomy with and without mitomycin-C in a black African population. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2001;11:261–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mielke C, Dawda VK, Anand N. Deep sclerectomy and low dose mitomycin C: a randomised prospective trial in west Africa. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90:310–313. doi:10.1136/bjo.2005.079483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girma T, Courtright P, Mengistu F, Tamirat T, Birhanu Z. A placebo controlled double blind clinical trial of mytomycin C in primary trabeculectomy in Ethiopian patient. Ethiop Med J. 2006;44(3):253–256.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anand N, Mielke C, Dawda VK. Trabeculectomy outcomes in advanced glaucoma in Nigeria. Eye. 2001;15:274–278. doi:10.1038/eye.2001.93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashaye A, Komolafe OO. Post-operative complication of trabeculectomy in Ibadan, Nigeria: outcome of 1-year follow-up. Eye. 2009;23:448–452. doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6702979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahan E, Drusedau MUH. Nonpenetrating filtration surgery for glaucoma: control by surgery only. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2000;26:695–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grieshaber MG, Pienaar A, Olivier J, Stegmann R. Canaloplasty for primary open-angle glaucoma: long-term outcome. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010;94:1478–1482. doi:10.1136/bjo.2009.163170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim H, Egbert PR, Singh K. Long-term comparison of primary trabeculectomy with 5-fluorouracil versus mitomycin C in West Africa. J Glaucoma. 2008;17:578–583. doi:10.1097/IJG.0b013e31816b304a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agbeja-Baiyeroju AM, Omoruyi M, Owoaje ET. Effectiveness of trabeculectomy on glaucoma patients in Ibadan. Afr JMedmed Sci. 2001;30:39–42.
   Google Scholar
• Alemu B. Trabeculectomy: complications and success in IOP control. Ethiop Med J. 1997;25:1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Bekibele CO. Evaluation of 56 trabeculectomy operations at Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria. WAJM. 2001;20:223–226.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lawan A. Pattern of presentation of outcome of surgical management of primary open angle glaucoma in Kano, Northern Nigeria. Ann Afr Med. 2007;6:180–185.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verry JD, Foster A, Wormald R, Akuamoa C. Chronic glaucoma in Northern Ghana – a retrospective study of 397 patients. Eye. 1990;4:115–120. doi:10.1038/eye.1990.14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stegmann R, Pienaar A, Miller D. Viscocanalostomy for open-angle glaucoma in black African patients. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1999;25:316–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olawoye OO, Ashaye OA, Baiyeroju AM, Teng CC, Liebmann JM, Ritch R. Outcomes of trabeculectomy with 5-fluorouracil at a Nigerian tertiary hospital. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2013;8:126–133.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mielke C, Dawda VK, Anand N. Intraoperative 5-fluorouracil application during primary trabeculectomy in Nigeria: a comprehensive study. Eye. 2003;17:829–834. doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6700492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adegbehingbe BO, Majemgbasan T. A review of trabeculectomies at a Nigerian teaching hospital. Ghana Med J. 2007;41:176–180.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anand N, Dawda VK. A comparative study of mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil trabeculectomy in West Africa. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2012;19:147–152. doi:10.4103/0974-9233.92132.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Quigley HA, Buhrmann R, West S, Isseme I, Scudder M, Oliva M. Long term results of glaucoma surgery among participants in an east African population survey. Br J Ophthalmol. 2000;84:860–864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabiru J, Bowman R, Wood M, Mafwiri M. Audit of trabeculectomy at a tertiary referral hospital in East Africa. J Glaucoma. 2005;14:432–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman RJC, Hay A, Wood ML, Murdoch IE. Combined cataract and trabeculectomy surgery for advanced glaucoma in East Africa; visual and intra-ocular pressure outcomes. Eye. 2010;24:573–577. doi:10.1038/eye.2009.132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ocansey S, Kyei S, Diafo A, Darfor KN, Boadi-Kusi SB, Aglobitse PR. Cost of the medical management and prescription pattern for primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) in Ghana-a retrospective cross-sectional study from three referral facilities. BMC Health Serv Res. 2016;16:282. doi:10.1186/s12913-016-1528-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittenborn J. Cost-effectiveness of glaucoma interventions in Barbados and Ghana. Optom Vis Sci. 2011;88:155–163. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e3182198792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas S, Hodge W, Malvankar-Mehta M. The cost-effectiveness analysis of teleglaucoma screening device. PLoS One. 2015; 18 10:(9):e0137913. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John D, Parikh R. Cost-effectiveness and cost utility of community screening for glaucoma in urban India. Public Health. 2017;148:37–48. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2017.02.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strouthidis NG, Chandrasekharan G, Diamond JP, Murdoch IE. Teleglaucoma: ready to go? Br J Ophthalmol. 2014;98:1605–1611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vass C, Hirn C, Sycha T, Findl O, Bauer P, Schmetterer L. Medical interventions for primary open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD003167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung PY, Schuman JS, Netland PA, Lloyd-Muhammad RA, Jacobs DS. Five-year results of a randomized, prospective, clinical trial of diode vs argon laser trabeculoplasty for open-angle glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;126:185–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergeå B, Bodin L, Svedbergh B. Primary argon laser trabeculoplasty. III. Long term effects on visual fields. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1995;73:207–215. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0420.1995.tb00270.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glaucoma Laser Trial Research Group. The Glaucoma Laser Trial (GLT) and glaucoma laser trial follow-up study. 7. Results. Am J Ophthalmo. 1995;1995(120):718–731. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(14)72725-4.
   Google Scholar
• Knape RM, Szymarek TN, Tuli SS, Driebe WT, Sherwood MB, Smith MF. Five-year outcomes of eyes with glaucoma drainage device and penetrating keratoplasty. J Glaucoma. 2012;21(9):608–614. doi:10.1097/IJG.0b013e31821db3e5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gedde SJ, Schiffman JC, Feuer WJ, Herndon LW, Brandt JD, Budenz DL. Tube versus trabeculectomy study group. Treatment outcomes in the Tube Versus Trabeculectomy (TVT) study after five years of follow-up. Am J Ophthalmology. 2012;153(3):789–803. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2011.10.026.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ehrnrooth P, Lehto I, Puska P, Laatikainen L. Long-term outcome of trabeculectomy in terms of intraocular pressure. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2002;80:267–271.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/20th_EML2017.pdf?ua=1 Accessed 4th September 2017
   Google Scholar
• Nayak B, Gupta S, Kumar G, Dada T, Gupta V, Sihota R. Socioeconomics of long-term glaucoma therapy in India. India J Ophthalmol. 2015;63(1):20–24. doi:10.4103/0301-4738.151458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazcano-Gomez G, Ramos-Cadena M, Torres-Tamayo DLA, et al. Cost of glaucoma treatment in a developing country over a 5-year period. Villani. E, ed. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(47):e5341. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000004864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schehlein EM, Im LT, Robin AL, Onukwugha E, Saeedi OJ. Nonmedical out-of-pocket patient and companion expenditures associated with glaucoma care. J Glaucoma. 2017;26(4):343–348. doi:10.1097/IJG.0000000000000619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• This is a personal email communication from: Priyadharsini, Business Analyst, International Marketing, The AuroLab Company, Madurai, India. 14th February; 2018
   Google Scholar
• https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?end=2011&locations=GH&start=1960 Accessed 4th September 2017
   Google Scholar
• Azuara-Blanco A, Burr J, Ramsay C, et al. EAGLE study group. Effectiveness of early lens extraction for the treatment of primary angle-closure glaucoma (EAGLE): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;388(10052):1389–1397. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30956-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azuara-Blanco A, Banister K, Boachie C, et al. Automated imaging technologies for the diagnosis of glaucoma: a comparative diagnostic study for the evaluation of diagnostic accuracy, performance as triage tests and cost-effectiveness (GATE study). Health Technol Assess. 2016;20(8):1–168. doi:10.3310/hta20080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar