Hormone Therapy as a Protective Factor for Age-Related Macular Degeneration

References

• Ferris FL 3rd, Wilkinson CP, Bird A, et al. Clinical classification of age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(4):844–851. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.10.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman DS, O’Colmain BJ, Munoz B, et al. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122(4):564–572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rein DB, Wittenborn JS, Zhang X, et al. Forecasting age-related macular degeneration through the year 2050: the potential impact of new treatments. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127(4):533–540.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pennington KL, DeAngelis MM. Epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD): associations with cardiovascular disease phenotypes and lipid factors. Eye Vis (Lond). 2016;3:34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jager RD, Mieler WF, Miller JW. Age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2606–2617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans JR, Lawrenson JG. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;7:CD000254.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carneiro A, Andrade JP. Nutritional and Lifestyle Interventions for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:6469138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Age-Related Macular NEI Degeneration (AMD). https://nei.nih.gov/eyedata/amd. Accessed December 6, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Zetterberg M. Age-related eye disease and gender. Maturitas. 2016;83:19–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feskanich D, Cho E, Schaumberg DA, Colditz GA, Hankinson SE. Menopausal and reproductive factors and risk of age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126:519–524.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haan MN, Klein R, Klein BE, et al. Hormone therapy and age-related macular degeneration: the Women’s health initiative sight exam study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124(7):988–992.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. Risk factors for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110(12):1701–1708.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klein BE, Klein R, Lee KE. Reproductive exposures, incident age-related cataracts, and age-related maculopathy in women: the beaver dam eye study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000;130:322–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Leeuwen R, Tomany SC, Wang JJ, et al. Is medication use associated with the incidence of early age-related maculopathy? Pooled findings from 3 continents. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(6):1169–1175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomany SC, Wang JJ, Van Leeuwen R, et al. Risk factors for incident age-related macular degeneration: pooled findings from 3 continents. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(7):1280–1287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research G. Risk factors associated with age-related macular degeneration. A case-control study in the age-related eye disease study: age-related eye disease study report number 3. Ophthalmology. 2000;107(12): 2224–2232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch AM, Patnaik JL, Cathcart JN, et al. Colorado age-related macular degeneration registry: design and clinical risk factors of the cohort. Retina. 2018, 1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch AM, Wagner BD, Weiss SJ, et al. Proteomic profiles in advanced age-related macular degeneration using an aptamer-based proteomic technology. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2019;8(1):14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith W, Mitchell P, Wang JJ. Gender, oestrogen, hormone replacement and age-related macular degeneration: results from the Blue Mountains eye study. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol. 1997;25:S13–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Defay R, Pinchinat S, Lumbroso S, Sutan C, Delcourt C, Pola Study G. Sex steroids and age-related macular degeneration in older French women: the POLA study. Ann Epidemiol. 2004;14:202–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser-Bell S, Wu J, Klein R, Azen SP, Varma R. Smoking, alcohol intake, estrogen use, and age-related macular degeneration in Latinos: the Los Angeles Latino eye study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;141:79–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erke MG, Bertelsen G, Peto T, Sjolie AK, Lindekleiv H, Njolstad I. Lactation, female hormones and age-related macular degeneration: the Tromso study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2013;97:1036–1039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rokicki W, Drozdzowska B, Czekajlo A, et al. Common ophthalmic problems of urban and rural postmenopausal women in a population sample of Raciborz district, a RAC-OST-POL Study. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2014;21(1):70–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho BJ, Heo JW, Shin JP, Ahn J, Kim TW, Chung H. Association between reproductive factors and age-related macular degeneration in postmenopausal women: the Korea National health and nutrition examination survey 2010–2012. PLoS One. 2014;9:e102816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam JS, Tay WT, Aung T, Saw SM, Wong TY. Female reproductive factors and major eye diseases in Asian women -the Singapore Malay eye study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2014;21:92–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemons TE, Milton RC, Klein R, Seddon JM, Ferris FL 3rd, Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research G. Risk factors for the incidence of advanced age-related macular degeneration In The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) AREDS report no. 19. Ophthalmology. 2005;112:533–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchinson CV, Walker JA, Davidson C. Oestrogen, ocular function and low-level vision: a review. J Endocrinol. 2014;223:R9–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogueta SB, Schwartz SD, Yamashita CK, Farber DB. Estrogen receptor in the human eye: influence of gender and age on gene expression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999;40:1906–1911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munaut C, Lambert V, Noel A, et al. Presence of oestrogen receptor type beta in human retina. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001;85(7):877–882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trenti A, Tedesco S, Boscaro C, Trevisi L, Bolego C, Cignarella A. Estrogen, angiogenesis, immunity and cell metabolism: solving the puzzle. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19:3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Au A, Feher A, McPhee L, Jessa A, Oh S, Einstein G. Estrogens, inflammation and cognition. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2016;40:87–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambati J, Atkinson JP, Gelfand BD. Immunology of age-related macular degeneration. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13:438–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert NG, ElShelmani H, Singh MK, et al. Risk factors and biomarkers of age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2016;54:64–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards DR, Gallins P, Polk M, et al. Inverse association of female hormone replacement therapy with age-related macular degeneration and interactions with ARMS2 polymorphisms. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51(4):1873–1879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snow KK, Cote J, Yang W, Davis NJ, Seddon JM. Association between reproductive and hormonal factors and age-related maculopathy in postmenopausal women. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;134:842–848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greendale GA, James MK, Espeland MA, Barrett-Connor E. Can we measure prior postmenopausal estrogen/progestin use? The postmenopausal estrogen/progestin interventions trial. The PEPI investigators. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146:763–770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al. Postmenopausal estrogen and progestin use and the risk of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1996;335(7):453–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang XP, Reckelhoff JF. Estrogen, hormonal replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2011;20:133–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temkin SM, Mallen A, Bellavance E, Rubinsak L, Wenham RM. The role of menopausal hormone therapy in women with or at risk of ovarian and breast cancers: misconceptions and current directions. Cancer. 2019;125:499–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta JM, Chester RC, Kling JM. The timing hypothesis: hormone therapy for treating symptomatic women during menopause and its relationship to cardiovascular disease. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2018, 1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouyang P, Michos ED, Karas RH. Hormone replacement therapy and the cardiovascular system lessons learned and unanswered questions. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:1741–1753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The North American Menopause Society. Hormone therapy MenoNote. 2017; http://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/for-women/menonote-deciding-about-ht-2017.pdf. Accessed March 15, 2019.
   Google Scholar