Prevalence of Trachoma in Pakistan: Results of 42 Population-Based Prevalence Surveys from the Global Trachoma Mapping Project

References

• Feasey N, Wansbrough-Jones M, Mabey DC, Solomon AW. Neglected tropical diseases. Br Med Bull. 2010;93:179–200. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldp046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourne RR, Stevens GA, White RA, et al. Causes of vision loss worldwide, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2013;1(6):e339–49. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70113-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell HD, Wood H, Crane D, et al. Polymorphisms in Chlamydia trachomatis tryptophan synthase genes differentiate between genital and ocular isolates. J Clin Invest. 2003;111(11):1757–1769. doi:10.1172/JCI17993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadfield J, Harris SR, Seth-Smith HMB, et al. Comprehensive global genome dynamics of Chlamydia trachomatis show ancient diversification followed by contemporary mixing and recent lineage expansion. Genome Res. 2017;27(7):1220–1229.doi:10.1101/gr.212647.116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gambhir M, Basanez MG, Burton MJ, et al. The development of an age-structured model for trachoma transmission dynamics, pathogenesis and control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009;3(6):e462. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munoz B, Bobo L, Mkocha H, Lynch M, Hsieh YH, West S. Incidence of trichiasis in a cohort of women with and without scarring. Int J Epidemiol. 1999;28(6):1167–1171. doi:10.1093/ije/28.6.1167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman RJ, Jatta B, Cham B, et al. Natural history of trachomatous scarring in The Gambia: results of a 12-year longitudinal follow-up. Ophthalmology. 2001;108(12):2219–2224. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(01)00645-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtright P, Sheppard J, Schachter J, Said ME, Dawson CR. Trachoma and blindness in the Nile Delta: current patterns and projections for the future in the rural Egyptian population. Br J Ophthalmol. 1989;73(7):536–540. doi:10.1136/bjo.73.7.536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thylefors B, Dawson CR, Jones BR, West SK, Taylor HR. A simple system for the assessment of trachoma and its complications. Bull World Health Organ. 1987;65:477–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer SL, Winskell K, Patterson AE, et al. ‘A living death’: a qualitative assessment of quality of life among women with trichiasis in rural Niger. Int Health. 2014;6(4):291–297. doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihu054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton MJ, Bowman RJ, Faal H, et al. The long-term natural history of trachomatous trichiasis in the Gambia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47(3):847–852. doi:10.1167/iovs.05-0714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Assembly. Global elimination of blinding trachoma. 51st World Health Assembly, Geneva, 16 May 1998, Resolution WHA51.11. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Francis V, Turner V. Achieving Community Support for Trachoma Control (WHO/PBL/93.36). Geneva: World Health Organization; 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Kuper H, Solomon AW, Buchan J, Zondervan M, Foster A, Mabey D. A critical review of the SAFE strategy for the prevention of blinding trachoma. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003;3(6):372–381. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00659-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon AW, Peeling RW, Foster A, Mabey DC. Diagnosis and assessment of trachoma. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17(4):982–1011. doi:10.1128/CMR.17.4.982-1011.2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JL, Sturrock HJ, Olives C, Solomon AW, Brooker SJ. Comparing the performance of cluster random sampling and integrated threshold mapping for targeting trachoma control, using computer simulation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7(8):e2389. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Validation of elimination of trachoma as a public health problem (WHO/HTM/NTD/2016.8). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Alimuddin M. Incidence and treatment of trachoma in Pakistan. Br J Ophthalmol. 1958;42(6):360–366. doi:10.1136/bjo.42.6.360.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Provisional Summary Results of 6th Population and Housing Census, 2017 [Press Release]. Islamabad: Government of Pakistan; 2017 http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/Population_Results.pdf. Accessed September 11, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Negrel AD, Taylor HR, West S. Guidelines for Rapid Assessment for Blinding Trachoma (WHO/PBD/GET/00.8). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• National Task Force on Trachoma. Report on Trachoma Rapid Assessment in Pakistan. Islamabad: Ministry of Health; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Jadoon MZ. Report on National Trachoma Survey, 2011–2013. Islamabad: National Committee for Eye Health, Pakistan/The Fred Hollows Foundation; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Solomon AW, Kurylo E. The global trachoma mapping project. Community Eye Health. 2014;27:18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith JL, Sivasubramaniam S, Rabiu MM, Kyari F, Solomon AW, Gilbert C. Multilevel analysis of trachomatous trichiasis and corneal opacity in Nigeria: the role of environmental and climatic risk factors on the distribution of disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(7):e0003826. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Report of the 3rd Global Scientific Meeting on Trachoma, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA, 19-20 July 2010 (WHO/PBD/2.10). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Southisombath K, Sisalermsak S, Chansan P, et al. National trachoma assessment in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic in 2013–2014. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2016;23(sup1):8–14. doi:10.1080/09286586.2016.1236973.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng N, Seiha D, Thorn P, et al. Assessment of trachoma in Cambodia: trachoma is not a public health problem. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2016;23(sup1):3–7.doi:10.1080/09286586.2016.1230223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon AW, Pavluck A, Courtright P, et al. The Global Trachoma Mapping Project: methodology of a 34-country population-based study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2015;22(3):214–225. doi:10.3109/09286586.2015.1037401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon AW, Willis R, Pavluck AL, et al. Quality assurance and quality control in the global trachoma mapping project. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;99(4):858–863. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.18-0082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mpyet C, Muhammad N, Adamu MD, et al. Impact survey results after SAFE strategy implementation in fifteen Local Government Areas of Kebbi, Sokoto and Zamfara States, Nigeria. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2018;25(sup1):103–114. doi:10.1080/09286586.2018.1481984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtright P, Gass K, Lewallen S, et al. Global Trachoma Mapping Project: Training for Mapping of Trachoma (Version 2). London: International Coalition for Trachoma Control; 2013. http://www.trachomacoalition.org/node/357.
   Google Scholar
• Hiep NX, Ngondi JM, Anh VT, et al. Trachoma in Viet Nam: results of 11 surveillance surveys conducted with the Global Trachoma Mapping Project. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2018;25(sup1):93–102. doi:10.1080/09286586.2018.1477964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization Alliance for the Global Elimination of Trachoma by 2020. Second Global Scientific Meeting on Trachomatous Trichiasis. Cape Town, 4–6 November 2015 (WHO/HTM/NTD/2016.5). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Courtright P, Gass K, Lewallen S, et al. Global Trachoma Mapping Project: Training for Mapping of Trachoma (Version 3). London: International Coalition for Trachoma Control; 2014. http://www.trachomacoalition.org/node/122
   Google Scholar
• Pavluck A, Chu B, Mann Flueckiger R, Ottesen E. Electronic data capture tools for global health programs: evolution of LINKS, an Android-, web-based system. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(4):e2654. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon AW, Zondervan M, Kuper H, Buchan JC, Mabey DCW, Foster A. Trachoma Control: A Guide for Programme Managers. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Khokhar AR, Sabar S, Lateef N. Active trachoma among children of District Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan: a cross sectional study. J Pak Med Assoc. 2018;68:1300–1303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngondi J, Onsarigo A, Matthews F, et al. Effect of 3 years of SAFE (surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, and environmental change) strategy for trachoma control in southern Sudan: a cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2006;368(9535):589–595. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69202-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammou J, El Ajaroumi H, Hasbi H, Hmadna A, El Maaroufi A. In Morocco, the elimination of trachoma as a public health problem becomes a reality. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5(3):e250–e1. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30023-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalua K, Chisambi A, Chainyanya D, et al. One round of azithromycin MDA adequate to interrupt transmission in districts with prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular of 5.0-9.9%: evidence from Malawi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12(6):e0006543.doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klemm EJ, Shakoor S, Page AJ, et al. Emergence of an extensively drug-resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi clone harboring a promiscuous plasmid encoding resistance to fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins. mBio. 2018;9(1):e00105–18.doi:10.1128/mBio.00105-18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen J. ‘Frightening’ drug-resistant strain of typhoid spreads in Pakistan. Science. 2018;361(6399):214. doi:10.1126/science.361.6399.214.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evans JR, Solomon AW. Antibiotics for trachoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;3:CD001860. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001860.pub3.
   Google Scholar
• Bowman RJ, Sillah A, Van Dehn C, et al. Operational comparison of single-dose azithromycin and topical tetracycline for trachoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41(13):4074–4079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West S, Munoz B, Lynch M, et al. Impact of face-washing on trachoma in Kongwa, Tanzania. Lancet. 1995;345(8943):155–158. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90167-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emerson PM, Lindsay SW, Alexander N, et al. Role of flies and provision of latrines in trachoma control: cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;363(9415):1093–1098. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15891-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oswald WE, Stewart AE, Kramer MR, et al. Active trachoma and community use of sanitation, Ethiopia. Bull World Health Organ. 2017;95(4):250–260.doi:10.2471/BLT.16.177758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garn JV, Boisson S, Willis R, et al. Sanitation and water supply coverage thresholds associated with active trachoma: modeling cross-sectional data from 13 countries. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12(1):e0006110.doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ejere HO, Alhassan MB, Rabiu M. Face washing promotion for preventing active trachoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2:CD003659. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003659.pub4.
   Google Scholar
• Rabiu M, Alhassan MB, Ejere HO, Evans JR. Environmental sanitary interventions for preventing active trachoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;2:CD004003. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004003.pub4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delea MG, Solomon H, Solomon AW, Freeman MC. Interventions to maximize facial cleanliness and achieve environmental improvement for trachoma elimination: a review of the grey literature. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12(1):e0006178. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization Strategic and Technical Advisory Group on Neglected Tropical Diseases. Technical consultation on trachoma surveillance. September 11−12, 2014, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, USA (WHO/HTM/NTD/2015.02). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Solomon AW, Bella AL, Negussu N, Willis R, Taylor HR. How much trachomatous trichiasis is there? A guide to calculating district-level estimates. Community Eye Health. 2019;31:55–58.
   Google Scholar
• Mpyet C, Kello AB, Solomon AW. Global elimination of trachoma by 2020: a work in progress. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2015;22(3):148–150. doi:10.3109/09286586.2015.1045987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHO alliance for the global elimination of Trachoma by 2020: progress report on elimination of trachoma, 2014–2016. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2017;92(26): 359–368.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Solomon AW, Emerson PM, Resnikoff S. Trachoma then and now: update on mapping and control. Community Eye Health. 2017;30:90–91.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Courtright P, Rotondo LA, MacArthur C, et al. Strengthening the links between mapping, planning and global engagement for disease elimination: lessons learnt from trachoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 2018;102(10):1324–1327.doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Commonwealth. Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting. Communiqué: Towards a Common Future. London: The Commonwealth; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Department for International Development. UK aid to help eliminate the world’s leading infectious cause of blindness across poorest countries in the Commonwealth by 2020. [press release, 16 April 2018]; 2018. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-aid-to-help-eliminate-the-worlds-leading-infectious-cause-of-blindness-across-poorest-countries-in-the-commonwealth-by-2020? Accessed April, 29 2018.
   Google Scholar