References
- Piel FB, Steinberg MH, Rees DC. Sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(16):1561–1573. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1510865.
- Hirsch RE, Juszczak LJ, Fataliev NA, Friedman JM, Nagel RL. Solution-active structural alterations in liganded hemoglobins C (beta6 Glu –> Lys) and S (beta6 Glu –> Val). J Biol Chem. 1999;274(20):13777–13782. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.20.13777.
- Nagel RL, Fabry ME, Steinberg MH. The paradox of hemoglobin SC disease. Blood Rev. 2003;17(3):167–178. doi:10.1016/S0268-960X(03)00003-1.
- Paton D. The conjunctival sign of sickle-cell disease. Arch Ophthalmol. 1961;66(1):90–94. doi:10.1001/archopht.1961.00960010092020.
- Acheson RW, Ford SM, Maude GH, Lyness RW, Serjeant GR. Iris atrophy in sickle cell disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 1986;70(7):516–521. doi:10.1136/bjo.70.7.516.
- Ouzzif Z, El Maataoui A, Traore Z, et al. A retinopathy in young patient with co-inheritance of heterozygous alpha + −thalassemia and sickle trait: a case report. BMC Ophthalmol. 2017;17. doi:10.1186/s12886-017-0402-x.
- Stultz RD, Conti FF, Kumar JB, et al. Beta-thalassemia minor manifesting as proliferative retinopathy. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2018;49(10):e161–e164.doi:10.3928/23258160-20181002-22.
- AlRyalat SA, Nawaiseh M, Aladwan B, Roto A, Alessa Z, Al-Omar A. Ocular manifestations of sickle cell disease: signs, symptoms and complications. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2020 February 3:1–6. doi:10.1080/09286586.2020.1723114.
- Farber MD, Koshy M, Kinney TR. Cooperative study of sickle cell disease: demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of patients and families with sickle cell disease. J Chronic Dis. 1985;38(6):495–505. doi:10.1016/0021-9681(85)90033-5.
- Biologic specimen and data repository information coordinating center. https://biolincc.nhlbi.nih.gov/home/. Accessed December, 2019.
- Bonanomi MTBC, Lavezzo MM. Sickle cell retinopathy: diagnosis and treatment. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2013;76(5):320–327. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0004-27492013000500016&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=ess
- Goldberg MF. Classification and pathogenesis of proliferative sickle retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1971;71(3):649–665. doi:10.1016/0002-9394(71)90429-6.
- Downes SM, Hambleton IR, Chuang EL, Lois N, Serjeant GR, Bird AC. Incidence and natural history of proliferative sickle cell retinopathy: observations from a cohort study. Ophthalmology. 2005;112(11):1869–1875. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.05.026.
- Lionnet F, Hammoudi N, Stojanovic KS, et al. Hemoglobin sickle cell disease complications: a clinical study of 179 cases. Haematologica. 2012;97(8):1136–1141.doi:10.3324/haematol.2011.055202.
- Do BK, Rodger DC. Sickle cell disease and the eye. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2017;28(6):623–628. doi:10.1097/ICU.0000000000000423.
- Li J, Bender L, Shaffer J, Cohen D, Ying G-S BG. Prevalence and onset of pediatric sickle cell retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(7):1000–1006. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.02.023.
- Clarkson JG. The ocular manifestations of sickle-cell disease: a prevalence and natural history study. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1992;90:481–504.
- Fox PD, Higgs DR, Serjeant GR. Influence of alpha thalassaemia on the retinopathy of homozygous sickle cell disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 1993;77(2):89–90. doi:10.1136/bjo.77.2.89.
- Rosenberg JB, Hutcheson KA. Pediatric sickle cell retinopathy: correlation with clinical factors. J Aapos. 2011;15(1):49–53. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2010.11.014.
- Fanny A, Coulibaly F, Gbe K, et al. Sickle cell beta-thalassemia leading to serious ischemic retinopathy: a study of 18 patients in Abidjan. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2005;28(4):391–395.doi:10.1016/S0181-5512(05)81070-8.
- Lima CSP, Rocha EM, Silva NM, Sonatti MF, Costa FF, Saad STO. Risk factors for conjunctival and retinal vessel alterations in sickle cell disease. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2006;84(2):234–241. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0420.2005.00604.x.
- Wanek J, Gaynes B, Lim JI, Molokie R, Shahidi M. Human bulbar conjunctival hemodynamics in hemoglobin SS and SC disease. Am J Hematol. 2013;88(8):661–664. doi:10.1002/ajh.23475.