References
- Wong WL, Su X, Li X, et al. Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2014;2(2):e106–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70145-1.
- Pennington KL, DeAngelis MM. Epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD): associations with cardiovascular disease phenotypes and lipid factors. Eye Vis (Lond). 2016;3(1):34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40662-016-0063-5.
- Klein R, Klein BEK, Knudtson MD, Meuer SM, Swift M, Gangnon RE. Fifteen-year cumulative incidence of age-related macular degeneration: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2007;114(2):253–262. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.10.040.
- United Nations. World Population Ageing 2017 Highlights; 2017.
- Dhital A, Pey T, Stanford MR. Visual loss and falls: a review. Eye (Lond). 2010;24(9):1437–1446. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2010.60.
- Reed-Jones RJ, Solis GR, Lawson KA, Loya AM, Cude-Islas D, Berger CS. Vision and falls: a multidisciplinary review of the contributions of visual impairment to falls among older adults. Maturitas. 2013;75(1):22–28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.01.019.
- Wood JM, Lacherez P, Black AA, Cole MH, Boon MY, Kerr GK. Risk of falls, injurious falls, and other injuries resulting from visual impairment among older adults with age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52(8):5088–5092. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.10-6644.
- World Health Organization. WHO Global Report on Falls Prevention in Older Age; 2007.
- World Health Organization. Falls. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/falls. Published January 16, 2018. Accessed February 12, 2021.
- CDC. Take a stand on falls. https://www.cdc.gov/features/older-adult-falls/index.html. Published September 22, 2017. Accessed September 16, 2019.
- Hendrie D, Hall SE, Arena G, Legge M. Health system costs of falls of older adults in Western Australia. Aust Health Rev. 2004;28(3):363–373. doi:https://doi.org/10.1071/ah040363.
- Nurmi I, Lüthje P. Incidence and costs of falls and fall injuries among elderly in institutional care. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2002;20(2):118–122. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/pri.20.2.118.122.
- Panel on Prevention of Falls in Older Persons, American Geriatrics Society and British Geriatrics Society. Summary of the updated American Geriatrics Society/British Geriatrics Society clinical practice guideline for prevention of falls in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59:(1). 148–157. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03234.x.
- Burns E, Kakara R. Deaths from falls among persons aged ≥65 years – United States, 2007-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(18):509–514. doi:https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6718a1.
- Salzman B. Gait and balance disorders in older adults. Am Fam Physician. 2010;82:61–68.
- Arroyo JG Age-related macular degeneration: treatment and prevention. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/age-related-macular-degeneration-treatment-and-prevention. Published June 1, 2020. Accessed November 3, 2020.
- The American Geriatric Society, Friedman DS, Lee AG Geriatric Ophthalmology. http://newfrontiers.americangeriatrics.org/chapter.php?ch=20. Published 2012. Accessed March 5, 2020.
- Garrigan H, Hamati J, Lalakia P, Salzman B, Hyman L https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020172623. PROSPERO 2020 CRD42020172623. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=172623. Accessed July 5, 2020.
- Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(4):264–269, W64. doi:https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135.
- Sterne JA, Hernán MA, Reeves BC. et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016;355:i4919. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i4919.
- Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ. et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;366:l4898. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4898.
- Antoszyk AN, Tuomi L, Chung CY, Singh A; FOCUS Study Group. Ranibizumab combined with verteporfin photodynamic therapy in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (FOCUS): year 2 results. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;145(5):862–874. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2007.12.029.
- Chakravarthy U, Harding SP, Rogers CA, et al. A randomised controlled trial to assess the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of alternative treatments to Inhibit VEGF in Age-related choroidal Neovascularisation (IVAN). Health Technol Assess. 2015;19(78):1–298. doi:https://doi.org/10.3310/hta19780.
- Finger RP, Guymer RH, Gillies MC, Keeffe JE. The impact of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment on quality of life in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(6):1246–1251. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.12.032.
- Kiser AK, Deschler EK, Dagnelie G. Visual function and performance with blue-light blocking filters in age-related macular degeneration. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2008;36(6):514–520. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9071.2008.01824.x.
- Menon G, Chandran M, Sivaprasad S, Chavan R, Narendran N, Yang Y. Is it necessary to use three mandatory loading doses when commencing therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration using bevacizumab? (BeMOc Trial). Eye (Lond). 2013;27(8):959–963. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2013.93.
- Nguyen NX, Besch D, Bartz-Schmidt K, Gelisken F, Trauzettel-Klosinski S. Reading performance with low-vision aids and vision-related quality of life after macular translocation surgery in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2007;85(8):877–882. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0420.2007.00963.x.
- Rosenfeld PJ, Dugel PU, Holz FG, et al. Emixustat hydrochloride for geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration: a randomized clinical trial. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(10):1556–1567. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.03.059.
- Szabo SM, Janssen PA, Khan K, Lord SR, Potter MJ. Neovascular AMD: an overlooked risk factor for injurious falls. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21(5):855–862. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-009-1025-8.
- Tano Y, Ohji M; EXTEND-I Study Group. Long-term efficacy and safety of ranibizumab administered pro re nata in Japanese patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration in the EXTEND-I study. Acta Ophthalmol. 2011;89(3):208–217. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.02065.x.
- Krummenauer F, Braun M, Dick HB. Clinical outcome and subjective quality of life after photodynamic therapy in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2004;15:1.
- Peel N. Validating recall of falls by older people. Accid Anal Prev. 2000;32(3):371–372. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0001-4575(99)00066-4.
- Stevens M, Holman CD, Bennett N, De Klerk N. Preventing falls in older people: outcome evaluation of a randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49(11):1448–1455. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.4911236.x.
- Chang JT, Morton SC, Rubenstein LZ, et al. Interventions for the prevention of falls in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ. 2004;328(7441):680. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.328.7441.680.
- Neacsu G. Modern approaches to rehabilitation of balance disorders in elderly people. In: the European proceedings of social and behavioural sciences. Cognitive-Crcs. 2019;482–489. doi:https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.02.60.
- Ganz DA, Higashi T, Rubenstein LZ. Monitoring falls in cohort studies of community-dwelling older people: effect of the recall interval. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(12):2190–2194. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.00509.x.
- Lamb SE, Jørstad-Stein EC, Hauer K, Becker C. Prevention of falls network Europe and outcomes consensus group. Development of a common outcome data set for fall injury prevention trials: the prevention of falls network Europe consensus. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(9):1618–1622. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53455.x.
- Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Data Standards for Patient Safety; Aspden P, Corrigan JM, Wolcott J, Erickson SM. Adverse Event Analysis – Patient Safety – NCBI Bookshelf; 2004.
- Cullen DJ, Bates DW, Small SD, Cooper JB, Nemeskal AR, Leape LL. The incident reporting system does not detect adverse drug events: a problem for quality improvement. Jt Comm J Qual Improv. 1995;21(10):541–548. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s1070-3241(16)30180-8.
- Hazell L, Shakir SAW. Under-reporting of adverse drug reactions: a systematic review. Drug Saf. 2006;29(5):385–396. doi:https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200629050-00003.
- Mackenzie L, Byles J, D’Este C. Validation of self-reported fall events in intervention studies. Clin Rehabil. 2006;20(4):331–339. doi:https://doi.org/10.1191/0269215506cr947oa.
- Lamoureux EL, Pallant JF, Pesudovs K, Hassell JB, Keeffe JE. The impact of vision impairment questionnaire: an evaluation of its measurement properties using Rasch analysis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47(11):4732–4741. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.06-0220.
- National Eye Institute. Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) data and statistics. https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/resources-for-health-educators/eye-health-data-and-statistics/age-related-macular-degeneration-amd-data-and-statistics. Published July 17, 2019. Accessed January 15, 2021.
- Prevention of Falls in Older Persons: AGS/BGS Clinical Practice Guideline; 2010.
- Mathias S, Nayak US, Isaacs B. Balance in elderly patients: the “get-up and go” test. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1986;67:387–389.
- Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed “Up & Go”: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39(2):142–148. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x.
- Mohanty S, Rosenthal RA, Russell MM, Neuman MD, Ko CY, Esnaola NF. Optimal perioperative management of the geriatric patient: best practices guideline Q4 from ACSNSQIP®/American Geriatrics Society. 2015. 620 48. Morse JM, Morse RM, Tylko SJ. Development of a scale to identify the fall-prone patient. Can J Aging. 1989; 8(4):366–377. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0714980800008576.
- Morse JM, Morse RM, Tylko SJ. Development of a scale to identify the fall-prone patient. Can J Aging. 1989;8(4):366–377. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0714980800008576.
- Jian-Yu E, Li T, McInally L. et al. Environmental and behavioural interventions for reducing physical activity limitation and preventing falls in older people with visual impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;9:CD009233. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009233.pub3.
- Haran MJ, Cameron ID, Ivers RQ. et al. Effect on falls of providing single lens distance vision glasses to multifocal glasses wearers: VISIBLE randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2010;340:c2265. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c2265.
- Cumming RG, Ivers R, Clemson L, et al. Improving vision to prevent falls in frail older people: a randomized trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55(2):175–181. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01046.x.
- Rubenstein LZ. Falls in older people: epidemiology, risk factors and strategies for prevention. Age Ageing. 2006;35(Suppl 2):ii37–ii41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afl084.
- Pirker W, Katzenschlager R. Gait disorders in adults and the elderly: a clinical guide. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2017;129(3–4):81–95. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-016-1096-4.
- Sudarsky L. Gait disorders: prevalence, morbidity, and etiology. Adv Neurol. 2001;87:111–117.
- Zhang X-Y, Shuai J, Li L-P. Vision and relevant risk factor interventions for preventing falls among older people: a network meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2015;5:10559. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/srep10559.
- Patino CM, McKean-Cowdin R, Azen SP, et al. Central and peripheral visual impairment and the risk of falls and falls with injury. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(2):199–206.e1. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.06.063.