Prevalence of Diabetic Eye Diseases in American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN) as Identified by the Indian Health Service’s National Teleophthalmology Program Using Ultrawide Field Imaging (UWFI)

References

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2020. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services; 2020.National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/diabetes-stat-report.html. Accessed April 20, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• McLaughlin S. Traditions and diabetes prevention: a healthy path for Native Americans. Diabetes Spectr. 2010;23(4):271–277. doi:10.2337/diaspect.23.4.272.
   Google Scholar
• Frank RN. Diabetic retinopathy. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(1):48–58. doi:10.1056/NEJMra021678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warne D. Policy challenges in American Indian/Alaska Native health professions education. J Interprof Care. 2007;21(sup2):11–19. doi:10.1080/13561820701520426.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GAO-19-74R. Indian health service: spending levels and characteristics of IHS and three other federal health care programs. December 10, 2018. https://www.gao.gov/assets/700/695871.pdf. Accessed April 21, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Indian Health Service. IHS Profile. August 2020. https://www.ihs.gov/newsroom/factsheets/ihsprofile/. Accessed April 20, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. American Indians remain disproportionally rural. 2016. https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/chart-gallery/gallery/chart-detail/?chartId=77893. Accessed August 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Park D-W, Mansberger SL. Eye disease in patients with diabetes screened with telemedicine. Telemed J E Health. 2017;23(2):113–118. doi:10.1089/tmj.2016.0034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newell SW, Tolbert B, Bennett J, Parsley TL. The prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy among Indians of southwest Oklahoma. J Okla State Med Assoc. 1989;82:414–424.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berinstein DM, Stahn RM, Welty TK, Leonardson GR, Herlihy JJ. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and associated risk factors among Sioux Indians. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(5):757–759. doi:10.2337/diacare.20.5.757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee ET, Russell D, Morris T, Warn A, Kingsley R, Ogola G. Visual impairment and eye abnormalities in Oklahoma Indians. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123(12):1699–1704. doi:10.1001/archopht.123.12.1699.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bursell SE, Fonda SJ, Lewis DG, Horton MB. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema in a primary care-based teleophthalmology program for American Indians and Alaskan Natives. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0198551. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva PS, Horton MB, Clary D, et al. Identification of diabetic retinopathy and ungradable image rate with ultrawide field imaging in a national teleophthalmology program. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(6):1360–1367. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva PS, Cavallerano JD, Tolls D, et al. Potential efficiency benefits of nonmydriatic ultrawide field retinal imaging in an ocular telehealth diabetic retinopathy program. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(1):50–55. doi:10.2337/dc13-1292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiello LP, Odia I, Glassman AR, et al. Comparison of early treatment diabetic retinopathy study standard 7-field imaging with ultrawide-field imaging for determining severity of diabetic retinopathy. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2019;137(1):65–73. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.4982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh RP, Hsueh J, Han MM, et al. Protecting vision in patients with diabetes with ultra-widefield imaging: a review of current literature. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2019;50(10):639–648. doi:10.3928/23258160-20191009-07.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva PS, Cavallerano JD, Aiello LM, Aiello LP. Telemedicine and diabetic retinopathy: moving beyond retinal screening. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129(2):236–242. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.365.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sabanayagam C, Yip W, Ting DS, Tan G, Wong TY. Ten emerging trends in the epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2016;23(4):209–222. doi:10.1080/09286586.2016.1193618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonda SJ, Bursell S-E, Lewis DG, Clary D, Shahon D, Horton MB. The Indian health service primary care-based teleophthalmology program for diabetic eye disease surveillance and management. Telemed J E Health. 2020;26(12):1466–1474. doi:10.1089/tmj.2019.0281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li HK, Horton M, Bursell S-E, et al. Telehealth practice recommendations for diabetic retinopathy, second edition. Telemed J E Health. 2011;17(10):814–837. doi:10.1089/tmj.2011.0075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton MB, Brady CJ, Cavallerano J, et al. Practice guidelines for ocular telehealth-diabetic retinopathy, third edition. Telemed J E Health. 2020;26(4):495–543. doi:10.1089/tmj.2020.0006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Grading diabetic retinopathy from stereoscopic color fundus photographs—and extension of the modified Airlie House classification. ETDRS report number 10. Ophthalmology. 1991;98(5):786–806. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(13)38012-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva PS, Cavallerano JD, Sun JK, Noble J, Aiello LM, Aiello LP. Nonmydriatic ultrawide field retinal imaging compared with dilated standard 7-field 35-mm photography and retinal specialist examination for evaluation of diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;154(3):549–559. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2012.03.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcosky TC, Chambless LE. A comparison of direct adjustment and regression adjustment of epidemiologic measures. J Chron Dis. 1985;38(10):849–856. doi:10.1016/0021-9681(85)90109-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. 2003. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, http://www.R-project.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Saaddine JB, Chou C, et al. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the United States, 2005-2008. JAMA. 2010;304(6):649–656. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson C, Gilliland S, Cullen T, et al. Diabetes outcomes in the Indian health system during the era of the special diabetes program for Indians and the government performance and results act. Am J Public Health. 2005;95(9):1518–1522. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.053710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silver K, Williams M, Macario E. The national eye health education program: increasing awareness of diabetic eye disease among American Indians and Alaska Natives. Ethn Dis. 2006;16:920–925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris T, Vines PL, Hoeffel EM The American Indian and Alaska Native population: 2010. 2010 Census Brief (C2010BR-10). January 2012. https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2012/dec/c2010br-10.html. Accessed August 20, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• UCLA Center for Health Policy Research. Health Disparities. American Indian and Alaska Native diabetes: critical information for researchers and policy-makers. May 2012. http://healthpolicy.ucla.edu/publications/Documents/PDF/AIANDiabetesmay2012.pdf. Accessed April 21, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Cuadros J, Bresnick G. EyePACS: an adaptable telemedicine system for diabetic retinopathy screening. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2009;3(3):509–516. doi:10.1177/193229680900300315.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee ET, Lee VS, Kingsley RM, et al. Diabetic retinopathy in Oklahoma Indians with NIDDM: incidence and risk factors. Diabetes Care. 1992;15(11):1620–1627. doi:10.2337/diacare.15.11.1620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rith-Najarian SJ, Valway SE, Gohdes DM. Diabetes in a Northern Minnesota Chippewa tribe: prevalence and incidence of diabetes and incidence of major complications, 1986-1988. Diabetes Care. 1993;16(1):266–270. doi:10.2337/diacare.16.1.266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowler WC, Bennett PH, Ballintine EJ. Increased incidence of retinopathy in diabetics with elevated blood pressure. A six-year follow-up study in Pima Indians. N Engl J Med. 1980;20:645–650. doi:10.1056/NEJM198003203021201.
   Google Scholar
• Silva PS, Dela Cruz AJ, Ledesma MG, et al. Diabetic retinopathy severity and peripheral lesions are associated with nonperfusion on ultrawide field angiography. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(12):2465–2472. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.07.034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva PS, Cavallerano JD, Haddad NM, et al. Peripheral lesions identified on ultrawide field imaging predict increased risk of diabetic retinopathy progression over 4 years. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(5):949–956. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.01.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aleo CL, Murchison AP, Dai Y, et al. Improving eye care follow-up adherence in diabetic patients with ocular abnormalities: the effectiveness of patient contracts in a free, pharmacy-based eye screening. Public Health. 2015;129(7):996–999. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2015.05.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keenum Z, McGwin G Jr, Witherspoon CD, Haller JA, Clark ME, Owsley C. Patients’ adherence to recommended follow-up eye care after diabetic retinopathy screening in a publicly funded county clinic and factors associated with follow-up eye care use. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016;134(11):1221–1228. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.3081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar