Cognitive-Motivational Deficits In ADHD: Development of a Classification System

REFERENCES

• American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Aron , A. R. , Dowson , J. H. , Sahakian , B. J. and Robbins , T. W. 2003 . Methylphenidate improves response inhibition in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Biological Psychiatry , 54 : 1465 – 1468 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley , R. A. 1997 . Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of AD/HD . Psychological Bulletin , 121 : 65 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley , R. A. and Grodzinsky , G. M. 1994 . Are tests of frontal lobe functions useful in the diagnosis of attention deficit disorders? . Clinical Neuropsychology , 8 : 121 – 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett , R. , Maruff , P. and Vance , A. 2009 . Neurocognitive function in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid disruptive behaviour disorders . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , 43 : 722 – 730 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berlin , L. , Bohlin , G. , Nyberg , L. and Janols , L. 2004 . How well do measures of inhibition and other executive functions discriminate between children With ADHD and controls? . Child Neuropsychology , 10 : 1 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellanos , F. X. , Sonuga-Barke , E. J. S. , Milham , M. P. and Tannock , R. 2006 . Characterizing cognition in ADHD: Beyond executive dysfunction . Trends in Cognitive Science , 10 : 117 – 123 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cepeda , N. J. , Cepeda , M. L. and Kramer , A. F. 2000 . Task switching and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 28 : 213 – 226 .
   Google Scholar
• Conners , C. K. 2002 . Manual for Conners’ rating scales , Revised , Tonoawanda, NY : Multi-Health Systems .
   Google Scholar
• Doyle , A. E. , Biederman , J. , Seidman , L. J. , Weber , W. and Faraone , S. V. 2000 . Diagnostic efficiency of neuropsychological tests scores for discriminating boys with and without attention deficit- hyperactivity disorder . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 68 : 477 – 488 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon , M. 1983 . The Gordon Diagnostic System , Dewitt, NY : Gordon Systems .
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg , L. M. 1996 . Test of Variables of Attention: Professional Manual , Los Alamitos, CA : Universal Attention Disorders . Version 7.0
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg , L. M. and Waldman , I. D. 1993 . Developmental normative data on the test of variables of attention (T.O.V.A.) . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 34 : 1019 – 1030 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta , R. and Kar , B. R. 2009 . Development of attentional processes in ADHD and normal children . Progress in Brain Research , 176 : 259 – 276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta , R. and Kar , B. R. 2010 . Specific cognitive deficits in ADHD: A diagnostic concern in differential diagnosis . Journal of Child and Family Studies. , doi: 10.1007/s10826-010-9369-4
   Google Scholar
• Gupta , R. , Kar , B. R. and Srinivasan , N. 2009 . Development of task switching and post-error slowing in children . Behavioral and Brain Function , 5 : 38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta , R. , Kar , B. R. and Thapa , K. 2006 . “ Specific cognitive dysfunction in ADHD: An overview ” . In Recent developments in psychology Edited by: Mukherjee , J. and Prakash , V. 153 – 170 . Delhi, , New Delhi
   Google Scholar
• Logan , G. D. 1994 . “ On the ability to inhibit thought and action. A users’ guide to the stop signal paradigm ” . In Inhibitory processes in attention, memory and language , Edited by: Dagenbach , D. and Carr , T. H. 189 – 236 . San Diego, CA : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Nigg , J. T. , Willcut , E. G. , Doyle , A. E. and Sonuga-Barke , E. J. S. 2005 . Causal heterogeneity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Do we need neuropsychologically impaired subtypes? . Biological Psychiatry , 57 : 224 – 230 .
   Google Scholar
• Oberlin , B. G. , Alford , J. L. and Marrocco , R. T. 2005 . Normal attention orienting but abnormal stimulus alerting and conflict effect in combined subtype of ADHD . Behavioural Brain Research , 165 : 1 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connell , R. G. , Bellqrove , M. A. , Dockree , P. M. , Lau , A. , Hester , R. Garavan , H. 2009 . The neural correlates of deficient error awareness in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) . Neuropsychologia , 47 : 1149 – 1159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozonoff , S. and Jensen , J. 1999 . Brief report: Specific executive function profiles in three neurodevelopmental disorders . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 29 : 171 – 177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perugini , E. M. , Harvey , E. A. , Lovejoy , D. W. , Sandstrom , K. and Webb , A. H. 2000 . The predictive power of combined neuropsychological measures for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children . Child Neuropsychology , 6 : 101 – 114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plichta , M. M. , Vasic , N. , Wolf , R. C. , Lesch , K. P. , Brummer , D. Jacob , C. 2009 . Neural hyporesponsiveness and hyperresponsiveness during immediate and delayed reward processing in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Biological Psychiatry , 65 : 7 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabbitt , P. M. 1968 . Three kinds of error-signaling responses in a serial choice task . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 20 : 179 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raven , J. , Raven , J. C. and Court , J. H. 1998 . Colored progressive matrices , Oxford, , UK : Oxford Psychologists Press .
   Google Scholar
• Riccio , C. A. , Reynolds , C. R. and Lowe , P. 2001 . Diagnostic efficacy of CPTs in clinical applications of continuous performance tests-measuring attention and impulsive responding in children and adults , New York, NY : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Rielly , N. E. , Cunningham , C. E. , Richards , J. E. , Elbard , H. J. and Mahoney , W. J. 1999 . Detecting attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a communications clinic: Diagnostic utility of the Gordon Diagnostic System . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 21 : 685 – 700 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rueda , M. R. , Fan , J. , McCandliss , B. D. , Halparin , J. D. , Gruber , D. B. Lercari , L. P. 2004 . Development of attentional networks in childhood . Neuropsychologia , 42 : 1029 – 1040 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandford , J. A. 1995 . Intermediate Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test: Administration and Interpretation Manual , Richmond, VA : Brain Train . Version 1.2
   Google Scholar
• Schachar , R. , Chen , S. , Logan , G. D. , Ornstein , T. J. , Crosbie , J. Ickowicz , A. 2004 . Evidence for an error monitoring deficit in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 32 : 285 – 293 .
   Google Scholar
• Schachar , R. , Mota , V. L. , Logan , G. D. , Tannock , R. and Klim , P. 2000 . Confirmation of an inhibitory control deficit in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 28 : 227 – 235 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidman , L. L. , Biederman , J. , Faraone , S. V. , Weber , W. and Oullette , C. 1997 . Towards defining a neuropsychology of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: Performance of children and adolescents from a large clinically referred sample . Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology , 65 : 150 – 160 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sergeant , J. A. , Geurts , H. , Huijbregts , S. , Scheres , A. and Oosterlaan , J. 2003 . The top and the bottom of ADHD: A Neuropsychological perspective . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews , 27 : 583 – 592 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma , K. M. , Perachio , N. , Newcorn , J. H. , Sharma , V. and Halperin , J. M. 1995 . Differential diagnosis of ADHD: Are objective measures of attention, impulsivity, and activity level helpful? . Child Neuropsychology , 1 : 1 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , A. B. , Taylor , E. , Brammer , M. , Toone , B. and Rubia , K. 2006 . Task-specific hypoactivation in prefrontal and temporoparietal brain regions during motor inhibition and task switching in medication-naive children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . American Journal of Psychiatry , 163 : 1044 – 1051 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solanto , M. V. , Abikoff , H. , Sonuga-Barke , E. , Schachar , R. , Logan , G. D. Wigal , T. 2001 . The ecological validity of delay aversion and response inhibition as measures of impulsivity in AD/HD: A supplement to the NIMH multimodal treatment study of AD/HD . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 29 : 215 – 228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke , E. J. 2002 . Psychological heterogeneity in AD/HD: A dual pathway model of behavior and cognition . Behavioural Brain Research , 130 : 29 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke , E. J. , Dalen , L. and Remington , B. 2003 . Do executive deficits and delay aversion make independent contributions to preschool attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder symptoms . Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 42 : 1335 – 1342 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefanatos , G. A. and Baron , I. S. 2007 . Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A neuropsychological perspective towards DSM-V . Neuropsychology Review , 17 : 5 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swaab-Barneveld , H. , de Sonneville , L. , Cohen-Kettenis , P. , Gielen , A. , Buitelaar , J. and Van Engeland , H. 2000 . Visual sustained attention in a child psychiatric population . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 39 : 651 – 659 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teicher , M. H. , Ito , Y. , Glod , C. A. and Barber , N. I. 1996 . Objective measurement of hyperactivity and attentional problems in ADHD . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 35 : 334 – 342 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucha , O. , Mecklinger , L. , Laufkotter , R. , Kaunzinger , I. , Paul , G. M. Klein , H. E. 2005 . Clustering and switching on verbal and figural fluency functions in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Cognitive Neuropsychiatry , 10 : 231 – 248 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Goozen , S. H. , Cohen-Kettenis , P. T. , Snoek , H. , Matthys , W. and Swaab-Barneveld , H. 2004 . Executive functioning in children: A comparison of hospitalised ODD and ODD/ADHD children and normal controls . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 45 : 284 – 292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , B. , Sui , M. Q. , Wang , Y. F. and Fan , J. 2004 . A preliminary study on the attentional networks of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao , 36 : 370 – 373 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Willcutt , E. G. , Doyle , A. E. , Nigg , J. T. , Faraone , S. V. and Pennington , B. F. 2005 . Validity of the executive function theory of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review . Biological Psychiatry , 57 : 1336 – 1346 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar