Development of executive functioning in school-age Tunisian children

REFERENCES

• Abdelgafar, G. M., & Moawad, R. A. (2014). Executive function differences between bilingual Arabic–english and monolingual Arabic children. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s10936-014-9309-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdi, H. (1987). Introduction au traitement statistique des données expérimentales. Grenoble: PUG.
   Google Scholar
• Adleman, N. E., Menon, V., Blasey, C. M., White, C. D., Warsofsky, I. S., Glover, G. H., & Reiss, A. L. (2002). A developmental fMRI study of the Stroop color-word task. NeuroImage, 16(1), 61–75. doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.1046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguibi, H., & Bouaziz, M. (1998). Etude différentielle des processus lexico-sémantiques à travers des tâches de fluence verbale: Effets de l’âge et du niveau d’instruction. Communication aux 10^èmes Journées Internationales de Biologie de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de Tunisie (SSNT, Hammamet 5-7 Novembre 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, P., Anderson, V., & Lajoie, G. (1996). The tower of London test: Validation and standardization for pediatric populations. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 10(1), 54–65. doi:10.1080/13854049608406663
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, V. A., Anderson, P., Northam, E., Jacobs, R., & Catroppa, C. (2001). Development of executive functions through late childhood and adolescence in an Australian sample. Developmental Neuropsychology, 20, 385–406. doi:10.1207/S15326942DN2001_5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arán-Filippetti, V. A., & Allegri, R. F. (2011). Verbal fluency in Spanish-speaking children: Analysis model according to task type, clustering, and switching strategies and performance over time. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 25(3), 413–436. doi:10.1080/13854046.2011.559481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arán-Filippetti, V., & Richaud De Minzi, M. (2012). A structural analysis of executive functions and socioeconomic status in school-age children: Cognitive factors as effect mediators. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 173(4), 393–416. doi:10.1080/00221325.2011.602374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardila, A., Pineda, D., & Rosselli, M. (2000). Correlation between intelligence test scores and executive function measures. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 15(1), 31–36. doi:10.1093/arclin/15.1.31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardila, A., & Rosselli, M. (1994). Development of language, memory and visuospatial abilities in 5- to 12-year-old children using a neuropsychological battery. Developmental Neuropsychology, 10, 97–120. doi:10.1080/87565649409540571
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardila, A., Rosselli, M., Matute, E., & Guajardo, S. (2005). The influence of the parents’ educational level on the development of executive functions. Developmental Neuropsychology, 28(1), 539–560. doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2801_5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arffa, S. (2007). The relationship of intelligence to executive function and non-executive function measures in a sample of average, above average, and gifted youth. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 969–978. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2007.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arffa, S., Lovell, M., Podell, K., & Goldberg, E. (1998). Wisconson card sorting test performance in above average and superior school children: Relationship to intelligence and age. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 13, 713–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armengol, C. G. (2002). Stroop test in Spanish: Children’s norms. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16(1), 67–80. doi:10.1076/clin.16.1.67.8337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armengol, C. G., & Méndez, M. (1999). Lectura y Stroop en bilingües. La prueba de interferencia Stroop y la eficacia en la lectura: Estudio normativo en escolares bilingües de cuarto grado [Reading and Stroop in bilinguals. The Stroop interference test and reading proficiency: Normative study in bilingual fourth graders]. Revista Española de Neuropsicología, 1(21), 27.
   Google Scholar
• Asato, M. R., Sweeney, J. A., & Luna, B. (2006). Cognitive processes in the development of TOL performance. Neuropsychologia, 44, 2259–2269. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.05.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley, A. (1986). Working memory. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. VIII, pp. 47–90). New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, C. (2011). Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism (5th ed.). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Balamore, U., & Wozniak, R. H. (1984). Speech–action coordination in young children. Developmental Psychology, 20, 850–858. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.20.5.850
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 65–94. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, I. (2003). Neuropsychological evaluation of the child. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, M. G., Isaac, W., & Hynd, G. W. (1987). Neuropsychological development of nonverbal behaviors attributed to “frontal lobe” functioning. Developmental Neuropsychology, 3, 275–298. doi:10.1080/87565648709540381
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellaj, T. (1999). Dysfonctionnement de la mémoire de travail dans la maladie de Parkinson (Unpublished Doctoral dissertation). Faculté des Sciences Humaines et Sociales de Tunis, Tunis
   Google Scholar
• Bellaj, T. (2011). Evaluation psychologique et culture: Aspects conceptuels et méthodologiques. In B. Troadec & T. Bellaj (Eds.), Psychologies et cultures (pp. 209–236). Paris: L’Harmattan.
   Google Scholar
• Bellaj, T., Bouaziz, M., & Bouaziz, Z. (1995). Une version arabe du Stroop. Communication auprès de la Société de Neuropsychologie de Langue Française (Marseille: 18-19 Mai 1995).
   Google Scholar
• Bellaj, T., & Seron, X. (2014). Les facteurs culturels dans l’évaluation neuropsychologique. In X. Seron & M. Van Der Linden (Eds.), Traité de neuropsychologie clinique de l’adulte (2ème éd. pp. 641–658). Marseille: De Boeck-Solal.
   Google Scholar
• Berlin, L., & Bohlin, G. (2002). Response inhibition, hyperactivity, and conduct problems among preschool children. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 31, 242–251. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3102_09
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best, J. R., Miller, P. H., & Jones, L. L. (2009). Executive functions after age 5: Changes and correlates. Developmental Review, 29, 180–200. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2009.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bialystok, E. (1999). Cognitive complexity and attentional control in the bilingual mind. Child Development, 70, 636–644. doi:10.1111/cdev.1999.70.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bialystok, E. (2001). Bilingualism in development: Language, literacy, and cognition. In E. Bialystok (Ed.), Bilingualism in development: Language, literacy, and cognition (pp. 1–300). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bindman, S. W., Hindman, A. H., Bowles, R. P., & Morrison, F. J. (2013). The contributions of parental management language to executive function in preschool children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 28(3), 529–539. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2013.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjorklund, D. F., & Harnishfeger, K. K. (1995). The evolution of inhibition mechanisms and their role in human cognition and behavior. In F. N. Dempster & C. J. Brainerd (Eds.), Interference and inhibition in cognition (pp. 141–173). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Blair, C. (2006). How similar are fluid cognition and general intelligence? A developmental neuroscience perspective on fluid cognition as an aspect of human cognitive ability. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 29, 109–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boone, K. B., Ghaffarian, S., Lesser, I. M., & Hill-Gutierrez, E. (1993). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in healthy, older adults: Relationship to age, sex, education, and IQ. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49(1), 54–60. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199301)49:1<54::AID-JCLP2270490108>3.0.CO;2-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brocki, K. C., & Bohlin, G. (2004). Executive functions in children aged 6 to 13: A dimensional and developmental study. Developmental Neuropsychology, 26(2), 571–593. doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2602_3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brock, L. L., Rimm-Kaufman, S. E., Nathanson, L., & Grimm, K. J. (2009). The contributions of ‘hot’ and ‘cool’ executive function to children’s academic achievement and learning-related behaviors, and engagement in kindergarten. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 24(3), 337–349. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2009.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bull, R., & Scerif, G. (2001). Executive functioning as a predictor of children’s mathematics ability: Inhibition, switching, and working memory. Developmental Neuropsychology, 19, 273–293. doi:10.1207/S15326942DN1903_3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgess, P. W., & Shallice, T. (1996). Bizarre responses, rule detection and frontal lobe lesions. Cortex, 32, 241–259. doi:10.1016/S0010-9452(96)80049-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgess, P. W., & Shallice, T. (1997). The hayling and brixton tests. Thurston, Suffolk: Thames Valley Test Company. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press
   Google Scholar
• Capitani, E., Laiacona, M., & Barbarotto, R. (1999). Gender affects word retrieval of certain categories in semantic fluency tasks. Cortex, 35, 273–278. doi:10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70800-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, S. M., & Meltzoff, A. (2008). Bilingual experience and executive functioning in young children. Developmental Science, 11, 282–298. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00675.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, S. M., & Moses, L. (2001). Individual differences in inhibitory control and children’s theory of mind. Child Development, 72, 1032–1053. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, R. C. K., Shum, D., Toulopoulou, T., & Chen, E. Y. H. (2008). Assessment of executive functions: Review of instruments and identification of critical issues. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23(2), 201–216. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2007.08.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao, R., & Tseng, V. (2002). Parenting of Asians. In M. H. Bornstein ( Series Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 4 Social conditions and applied parenting (2nd ed., pp. 59–93). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Chiappe, P., Siegel, L., & Hasher, L. S. (2000). Working memory, inhibitory control, and reading disability. Memory & Cognition, 28(1), 8–17. doi:10.3758/BF03211570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comalli, P. E., Jr., Wapner, S., & Werner, H. (1962). Interference effects of Stroop Color-Word Test in childhood, adulthood, and aging. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 100, 47–53. doi:10.1080/00221325.1962.10533572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corsi, P. M. (1972). Human memory and the medial temporal region of the brain (Unpublished Doctoral dissertation). McGill University, Montreal.
   Google Scholar
• De Mattos Pimenta Parente, M. A., & Lecours, A. R. (1988). L’influence des facteurs culturels en neuropsychologie et neurolinguistique. Revue Internationale des Sciences Sociales, 115, 109–122.
   Google Scholar
• Dempster, F. N. (1992). The rise and fall of the inhibitory mechanism: Toward a unified theory of cognitive development and aging. Developmental Review, 12, 45–75. doi:10.1016/0273-2297(92)90003-K
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denckla, M. B. (1996). A theory and model of executive function: A neuropsychological perspective. In G. R. Lyon & N. A. Krasnegor (Eds.), Attention, memory, and executive function (pp. 263–277). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.
   Google Scholar
• Diamond, A. (2002). Normal development of prefrontal cortex from birth to young adulthood: Cognitive functions, anatomy, and biochemistry. In D. T. Stuss & R. T. Knight (Eds.), Principles of frontal lobe function (pp. 466–503). London: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eslinger, P. J., & Grattan, L. M. (1993). Frontal lobe and frontal-striatal substrates for different forms of human cognitive flexibility. Neuropsychologia, 31, 17–28. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(93)90077-D
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisk, J. E., & Sharp, C. A. (2004). Age-related impairment in executive functioning: Updating, inhibition, shifting, and access. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 26, 874–890. doi:10.1080/13803390490510680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, N. P., & Miyake, A. (2004). The relations among inhibition and interference control functions: A latent-variable analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133, 101–135. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.133.1.101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganzach, Y. (2000). Parents’ education, cognitive ability, educational expectations and educational attainment: Interactive effects. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 70, 419–441. doi:10.1348/000709900158218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gathercole, S. E., Pickering, S. J., Ambridge, B., & Wearing, H. (2004). The structure of working memory from 4 to 15 years of age. Developmental Psychology, 40, 177–190. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.2.177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerstadt, C. L., Hong, Y. J., & Diamond, A. (1994). The relationship between cognition and action: Performance of children 312–7 years old on a stroop- like day-night test. Cognition, 53, 129–153. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(94)90068-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gioia, G. A., Isquith, P. K., Guy, S. C., & Kenworthy, L. (2000). Behavior rating inventory of executive function. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Ressources.
   Google Scholar
• Golden, C. J. (1978). Stroop color and word test. Wood Dale, IL: Stoelting Co.
   Google Scholar
• Green, D. W. (1998). Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1, 67–81.
   Google Scholar
• Hale, S., Bronik, M. D., & Fry, A. F. (1997). Verbal and spatial working memory in school-age children: Developmental differences in susceptibility to interference. Developmental Psychology, 33, 364–371. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.33.2.364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halpern, D. F. (2000). Sex differences in cognitive abilities (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Hoff, E. (2003a). Causes and consequences of SES-related differences in parent-to-child speech. In M. H. Bornstein & R. H. Bradley (Eds.), Socioecononomic status, parenting, and child development (pp. XX–XX). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Hoff, E. (2003b). The specificity of environmental influence: Socioeconomic status affects early development via maternal speech. Child Development, 74, 1368–1378. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hongwanishkul, D., Happaney, K. R., Lee, W., & Zelazo, P. D. (2005). Assessment of hot and cool executive function in young children: Age-related changes and individual differences. Developmental Neuropsychology, 28, 617–644. doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2802_4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, C. (1998). Executive function in preschoolers: Links with theory of mind and verbal ability. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 16, 233–253. doi:10.1111/bjdp.1998.16.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, C., & Graham, A. (2002). Measuring executive functions in childhood: Problems and solutions? Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 3, 131–142. doi:10.1111/1475-3588.00024
   Google Scholar
• Huizinga, M., Dolan, C. V., & Van Der Molen, M. W. (2006). Age-related change in executive function: Developmental trends and a latent variable analysis. Neuropsychologia, 44, 2017–2036. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.01.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurks, P. P. M., Schrans, D., Meijs, C., Wassenberg, R., Feron, F. J. M., & Jolles, J. (2010). Developmental changes in semantic verbal fluency: Analyses of word productivity as a function of time, clustering, and switching. Child Neuropsychology, 16(4), 366–387. doi:10.1080/09297041003671184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John, S., & Rajashekhar, B. (2014). Word retrieval ability on semantic fluency task in typically developing Malayalam-speaking children. Child Neuropsychology: A Journal on Normal and Abnormal Development to Childhood and Adolescence, 20, 182–195. doi:10.1080/09297049.2012.760538
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavé, G. (2006). The development of naming and word fluency: Evidence from Hebrew-speaking children between ages 8 and 17. Developmental Neuropsychology, 29, 493–508. doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2903_7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavé, G., Kigel, S., & Kochva, R. (2008). Switching and clustering in verbal fluency tasks throughout childhood. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 30, 349–359. doi:10.1080/13803390701416197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klenberg, L., Korkman, M., & Lahti-Nuuttila, P. (2001). Differential development of attention and executive functions in 3-to 12-year-old finnish children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 20(1), 407–428. doi:10.1207/S15326942DN2001_6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, R. T. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Klingberg, T., Forssberg, H., & Westerberg, H. (2002). Increased brain activity in frontal and parietal cortex underlies the development of visuospatial working memory capacity during childhood. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 1–10. doi:10.1162/089892902317205276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig, O. (1989). Hemispheric asymmetry in the analysis of Stroop stimuli: A developmental approach. Developmental Neuropsychology, 5, 245–260. doi:10.1080/87565648909540435
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohen, D. E., Gunn, J. B., Leventhal, T., & Hertzman, C. (2002). Neighborhood income and physical and social disorder in Canada: Associations with young children’s competencies. Child Development, 73, 1844–1860. doi:10.1111/cdev.2002.73.issue-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koren, R., Kofman, O., & Berger, A. (2005). Analysis of word clustering in verbal fluency of school-aged children. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 1087–1104. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2005.06.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korkman, M. (2001). Introduction to the special issue on normal neuropsychological development in the school-age years. Developmental Neuropsychology, 20, 325–330. doi:10.1207/S15326942DN2001_1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kremin, H., & Dellatolas, G. (1996). Phonological and semantic fluency in children aged 5 to 8. Approche Neuropsychologique des Apprentissages chez l’Enfant, 36, 23–28.
   Google Scholar
• Kwon, Y.-I. (2002). Western influences in Korean preschool education. International Education Journal, 3, 153–164.
   Google Scholar
• Lehto, J. (1996). Are executive function tests dependent on working memory capacity? The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 49, 29–50. doi:10.1080/713755616
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehto, J. E., Juujärvi, P., Kooistra, L., & Pulkkinen, L. (2003). Dimensions of executive functioning: Evidence from children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21, 59–80. doi:10.1348/026151003321164627
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, H. S., Culhane, K. A., Hartmann, J., Evankovich, K., Mattson, A. J., Harward, H., & Fletcher, J. M. (1991). Developmental changes in performance on tests of purported frontal lobe functioning. Developmental Neuropsychology, 7, 377–395. doi:10.1080/87565649109540499
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, C., Koyasu, M., Oh, S., Ogawa, A., Short, B., & Huang, Z. 2009.Culture, executive function, and social understanding. In C. Lewis & J. I. M. Carpendale (Eds.), Social interaction and the development of executive function. New Directions in Child and Adolescent Development 123. 69–85.
   Google Scholar
• Lorsbach, T. C., Katz, G. A., & Cupak, A. J. (1998). Developmental differences in the ability to inhibit the initial misinterpretation of garden path passages. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 71(3), 275–296. doi:10.1006/jecp.1998.2462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luciana, M., Conklin, H. M., Hooper, C. J., & Yarger, R. S. (2005). The development of nonverbal working memory and executive control processes in adolescents. Child Development, 76, 697–712. doi:10.1111/cdev.2005.76.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, L., Luk, G., & Bialystok, E. (2010). Effect of language proficiency and executive control on verbal fluency performance in bilinguals. Cognition, 114, 29–41. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.08.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luria, A. R. (1966). Higher cortical functions in man. New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109(2), 163–203. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahone, E. M., Hagelthorn, K. M., Cutting, L. E., Schuerholz, L. J., Pelletier, S. F., & Rawlins, C., … Denckla, M. B. (2002). Effects of IQ on executive function measures in children with ADHD. Psychology Press, 8(1), 52–65.
   Google Scholar
• Marian, V., Blumenfeld, H. K., & Kaushanskaya, M. (2007). The language experience and proficiency questionnaire (LEAP-Q): Assessing language profiles in bilinguals and multilinguals. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 50(4), 940–967. doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2007/067)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, A., Wiggs, C. L., Lalonde, F., & Mack, C. (1994). Word retrieval to letter and semantic cues: A double dissociation in normal subjects using interference tasks. Neuropsychologia, 32, 1487–1494. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(94)90120-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matute, E., Rosselli, M., Ardila, A., & Morales, G. (2004). Verbal and nonverbal fluency in Spanish speaking children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 26, 647–660. doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2602_7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meulemans, T. (2006). Les fonctions exécutives: Approche théorique. In P. Pradat-Diehl, P. Azouvi, & V. Brun (Eds.), Fonctions exécutives et rééducation (pp. 1–10). Paris: Masson.
   Google Scholar
• Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49–100. doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales, J., Calvo, A., & Bialystok, E. (2013). Working memory development in monolingual and bilingual children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 114(2), 187–202. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2012.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mummery, C. J., Patterson, K., Hodges, J. R., & Wise, R. J. (1996). Generating ‘tiger’ as an animal name or a word beginning with T: Differences in brain activation. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 263, 989–995. doi:10.1098/rspb.1996.0146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy, Z., Westerberg, H., & Klingberg, T. (2004). Maturation of white matter is associated with the development of cognitive functions during childhood. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 1227–1233. doi:10.1162/0898929041920441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazel, M. W., El-Morshedy, H., Farghaly, A., Shatat, H., & Barakat, R. (1999). Schistosoma mansoni infection and cognitive functions of primary school children, in Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt. Journal of Egyptian Public Health Association, 74(1–2), 97–119.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nieto, A., Galtier, I., Barroso, J., & Espinosa, G. (2008). Fluencia verbal en ninos espanoles en edad escolar: Estudio normativo piloto y analisis de las estrategias organizativas. Revista de Neurologia, 46, 2–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Oh, S., & Lewis, C. (2008). Korean preschoolers’ advanced inhibitory control and its relation to other executive skills and mental state understanding. Child Development, 79, 80–99. doi:10.1111/cdev.2008.79.issue-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson, E. A., & Luciana, M. (2008). The development of prefrontal cortex functions in adolescence: Theoretical models and a possible dissociation of dorsal versus ventral subregions. In C. A. Nelson & M. Luciana (Eds.), Handbook of developmental cognitive neuroscience (2nd ed., pp. 575–590). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pena, E. D., Bedore, L. M., & Zlatic-Giunta, R. (2002). Category-generation performance of bilingual children: The influence of condition, category, and language. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 45, 938–947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner, M. I. (1978). Chronometric explorations of mind. New York, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Ratcliff, G., Ganguli, M., Chandra, V., Sharma, S., Belle, S., Seaberg, E., & Pandav, R. (1998). Effects of literacy and education on measures of word fluency. Brain and Language, 61, 115–122. doi:10.1006/brln.1997.1858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raven, J. C., Court, J. H., & Raven, J. (1985). Raven’s progressive matrices. London: J.C. Raven.
   Google Scholar
• Raz, N. (2000). Aging of the brain and its impact on cognitive performance: Integration of structural and functional findings. In F. I. M. Craik & T. A. Salthouse (Eds.), Handbook of aging and cognition (pp. 1–90). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Riccio, C. A., Hall, J., Morgan, A., Hynd, G. W., Gonzalez, J. J., & Marshall, R. M. (1994). Executive function and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: Relationship with behavioral ratings and cognitive ability. Developmental Neuropsychology, 10(3), 215–229. doi:10.1080/87565649409540580
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riva, D., Nichelli, F., & Devoti, M. (2000). Developmental aspects of verbal fluency and confrontation naming in children. Brain and Language, 71, 267–284. doi:10.1006/brln.1999.2166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romdhane, M. N., Bellaj, T., & Attia-Romdhane, N. (2008). Comment sont adaptés et Validés les Tests Neuropsychologiques en Tunisie? La Tunisie Médicale, 86(7), 746–753.
   Google Scholar
• Sabbagh, M., Xu, F., Carlson, S. M., Moses, L. J., & Lee, K. (2006). The development of executive functioning and theory of mind. A comparison of chinese and U.S. preschoolers. Psychological Science, 17, 74–81. doi:10.1111/psci.2006.17.issue-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauzéon, H., Lestage, P., Raboutet, C., N’Kaoua, B., & Claverie, B. (2004). Verbal fluency output in children aged 7–16 as a function of the production criterion: Qualitative analysis of clustering, switching processes, and semantic network exploitation. Brain and Language, 89, 192–202. doi:10.1016/S0093-934X(03)00367-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherf, K. S., Sweeney, J. A., & Luna, B. (2006). Brain basis of developmental change in visuospatial working memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 1045–1058. doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.7.1045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeter, M. L., Zysset, S., Wahl, M., & Von Cramon, D. Y. (2004). Prefrontal activation due to Stroop interference increases during development-an event-related fNIRS study. NeuroImage, 23(4), 1317–1325. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senn, T. E., Espy, K. A., & Kaufmann, P. M. (2004). Using path analysis to understand executive function organization in preschool children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 26, 445–464. doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2601_5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevino, O. (1998). Les fonctions exécutives: évaluation et développement. Thèse de Doctorat non publiée, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• Shallice, T. (1982). Specific impairments in planning. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B. Biological Sciences, 298, 199–209. doi:10.1098/rstb.1982.0082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shallice, T. (1988). From neuropsychology to mental structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shallice, T., Marzocchi, G. M., Coser, S., Del Savio, M., Meuter, R. F., & Rumiati, R. I. (2002). Executive function profile of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Developmental Neuropsychology, 21(1), 43–71. doi:10.1207/S15326942DN2101_3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobeh, J., & Spijkers, W. (2013). Development of neuropsychological functions of attention in two cultures: A cross-cultural study of attentional performances of Syrian and German children of pre-school and school age. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 10(3), 318–336. doi:10.1080/17405629.2012.674761
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soliman, A. M. (2014). Bilingual advantages of working memory revisited: A latent variable examination. Learning and Individual Differences, 32, 168–177. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2014.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spreen, O., & Strauss, E. (1998). A compendium of neuropsychological tests (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• StatSoft, Inc. (2007). STATISTICA (Version 8.0) [Data analysis software system]. Retrieved from www.statsoft.com
   Google Scholar
• Talarowska, M., Florkowski, A., Chamielec, M., & Gałecki, P. (2013). Are there any differences in the working memory of men and women? Polskie Towarzystwo Lekarskie, 34, 29–32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tallberg, I. M., Carlsson, S., & Lieberman, M. (2011). Children’s word fluency strategies. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 52, 35–42. doi:10.1111/sjop.2011.52.issue-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teachman, J. D. (1987). Family background, educational resources and educational attainment. American Sociological Review, 52, 548–557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tunisian Constituent Assembly. (2014). Constitution of the Tunisian Republic. [In Arabic.] Retrieved from http://www.chambre-dep.tn/site/main/AR/docs/constition.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Turkheimer, E., Haley, A., Waldron, M., D’Onofrio, B., & Gottesman, I. I. (2003). Socioeconomic status modifies heritability of IQ in young children. Psychological Science, 14, 623–628. doi:10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1475.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Devijver, F., & Tanzer, N. K. (2004). Bias and equivalence in cross-cultural assessment: An overview. Revue Européenne de Psychologie Appliquée, 54, 119–135. doi:10.1016/j.erap.2003.12.004
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (1996). Manuel de l’échelle d’ intelligence de Wechsler pour enfants, WISC-R (troisième édition). Paris: Editions du Centre de Psychologie Appliquée.
   Google Scholar
• Welsh, M. C. (2002). Developmental and clinical variations in executive functions. In D. L. Molfese & V. J. Molfese (Eds.), Developmental variations in learning (pp. 139–185). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Welsh, M. C., Pennington, B. F., & Groisser, D. B. (1991). A normative-developmental study of executive function: A window on prefrontal function in children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 7, 131–149. doi:10.1080/87565649109540483
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, K. R. (1982). The relation between socioeconomic status and academic achievement. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 461–481. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.91.3.461
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, B. R., Ponesse, J. S., Schachar, R. J., Logan, G. D., & Tannock, R. (1999). Development of inhibitory control across the life span. Developmental Psychology, 35, 205–213. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zacks, R., & Hasher, L. (1997). Cognitive gerontology and attentional inhibition: A reply to Burk and McDowd. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 52 B, 274–283. doi:10.1093/geronb/52B.6.P274
   Google Scholar
• Zelazo, P. D., Craik, F. I. M., & Booth, L. (2004). Executive function across the life span. Acta Psychologica, 115, 167–183. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2003.12.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar