Executive functions and processing speed in children with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities and externalizing behavior problems

References

• Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families.
   Google Scholar
• Ackerman, P. L., Beier, M. E., & Boyle, M. O. (2005). Working memory and intelligence: The same or different constructs? Psychological Bulletin, 131(1), 30–60. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley, A. D. (2007). Working memory, thought and action. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, B. L., Blacher, J., Crnic, K., & Edelbrock, C. (2002). Behavior problems and parenting stress in families of three-year-old children with and without developmental delays. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 107(6), 433–444. doi:10.1352/0895-8017(2002)107<0433:BPAPSI>2.0.CO;2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barrett, L., Tugade, M. M., & Engle, R. W. (2004). Individual differences in working memory capacity and dual-process theories of the mind. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 553–573. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bexkens, A., Ruzzano, L., Collot d’Escury-Koenings, A. M. L., Van der Molen, M. W., & Huizinga, H. M. (2013). Inhibition deficits in individuals with intellectual disability: A meta-regression analysis. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 57, 1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brocki, K. C., Nyberg, L., Thorell, L. B., & Bohlin, G. (2007). Early concurrent and longitudinal symptoms of ADHD and ODD: Relations to different types of inhibitory control and working memory. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(10), 1033–1041. doi:10.1111/jcpp.2007.48.issue-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunnekreef, A. J., De Sonneville, L. M., Althaus, M., Minderaa, R. B., Oldehinkel, A. J., Verhulst, F. C., & Ormel, J. (2007). Information processing profiles of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems: Evidence from a population‐based sample of preadolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(2), 185–193. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01695.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cushman, F., Sheketoff, R., Wharton, S., & Carey, S. (2013). The development of intent-based moral judgment. Cognition, 127(1), 6–21. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.11.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danielsson, H., Henry, L., Messer, D., & Rönnberg, J. (2012). Strengths and weaknesses in executive functioning in children with intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33, 600–607. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2011.11.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danielsson, H., Henry, L., Rönnberg, J., & Nilsson, L. (2010). Executive functions in individuals with intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31, 1299–1304. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2010.07.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dekker, M. C., Koot, H. M., Van der Ende, J., & Verhulst, F. C. (2002). Emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents with and without intellectual disability. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(8), 1087–1098. doi:10.1111/jcpp.2002.43.issue-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis, M., Francis, D. J., Cirino, P. T., Schachar, R., Barnes, M. A., & Fletcher, J. M. (2009). Why IQ is not a covariate in cognitive studies of neurodevelopmental disorders. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15, 331–343. doi:10.1017/S1355617709090481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Sonneville, L. M. J. (1999). Amsterdam neuropsychological tasks: A computer-aided assessment program. In B. P. L. M. den Brinker, P. J. Beek, A. N. Brand, S. J. Maarse, & L. J. M. Mulder (Eds.), Cognitive ergonomics, clinical assessment and computer-assisted learning: Computers in psychology (Vol. 6, pp. 1751–1765). Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger.
   Google Scholar
• De Sonneville, L. M. J. (2005). Amsterdamse Neuropsychologische Taken: Wetenschappelijke en klinische toepassingen [Amsterdam neuropsychological tasks: Scientific and clinical applications]. Tijdschrift Voor Neuropsychologie, 27–41.
   Google Scholar
• Diamond, A., & Lee, K. (2011). Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old. Science, 333, 959–964. doi:10.1126/science.1204529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodge, K. A., & Pettit, G. S. (2003). A biopsychosocial model of the development of chronic conduct problems in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 39(2), 349–371. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.2.349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emerson, E., Einfield, S., & Stancliffe, R. J. (2011). Predictors of the persistence of conduct difficulties in children with cognitive delay. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(11), 1184–1194. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02413.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, L. A., & MacLean, M. (2002). Working memory performance in children with and without intellectual disabilities. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 107(6), 421–432. doi:10.1352/0895-8017(2002)107<0421:WMPICW>2.0.CO;2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hobson, C. W., Scott, S., & Rubia, K. (2011). Investigation of cool and hot executive function in ODD/CD independently of ADHD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(10), 1035–1043. doi:10.1111/jcpp.2011.52.issue-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, C., & Ensor, R. (2008). Does executive function matter for preschoolers’ problem behaviors? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 1–14. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9107-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, C., & Ensor, R. (2009). How do families help or hinder the emergence of early executive function? In C. Lewis & J.I.M. Carpendale (Eds.). Social interaction and the development of executive function. New Directions in Child and Adolescent Development, 123, 35–50. doi:10.1002/cd.234
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, C., Roman, G., Hart, M. J., & Ensor, R. (2013). Does maternal depression predict young children’s executive function? A 4‐year longitudinal study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(2), 169–177. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huijbregts, S., De Sonneville, L., Licht, R., Sergeant, J., & Van Spronsen, F. (2002). Inhibition of prepotent responding and attentional flexibility in treated phenylketonuria. Developmental Neuropsychology, 22(2), 481–499. doi:10.1207/S15326942DN2202_4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huijbregts, S., Warren, A. J., De Sonneville, L. M., & Swaab-Barneveld, H. (2008). Hot and cool forms of inhibitory control and externalizing behavior in children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy: An exploratory study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(3), 323–333. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9180-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kail, R. (2000). Speed of information processing: Developmental change and links to intelligence. Journal of School Psychology, 38(1), 51–61. doi:10.1016/S0022-4405(99)00036-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane, M. J., Hambrick, D. Z., & Conway, A. R. A. (2005). Working memory capacity and fluid intelligence are strongly related constructs: Comment on Ackerman, Beier, and Boyle (2005). Psychological Bulletin, 131(1), 66–71. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klingberg, T. (2012). Is working memory capacity fixed? Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 1, 194–196. doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2012.07.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koolhof, R., Loeber, R., Wei, E. H., Pardini, D., & Collot d’Escury, A. (2007). Inhibition deficits of serious delinquent boys of low intelligence. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 17, 274–292. doi:10.1002/cbm.661
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kort, W., Schittekatte, M., Dekker, P. H., Verhaeghe, P., Compaan, E. L., Bosmans, M., & Vermeir, G. (2005). Wechsler Intelligence Scale voor kinderen derde editie NL. Handleiding en verantwoording [Wechsler intelligence scale for children third edition in Dutch. Manual and justification]. London: Harcourt.
   Google Scholar
• Lochman, J. E., & Wells, K. C. (2002). Contextual social–cognitive mediators and child outcome: A test of the theoretical model in the Coping Power program. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 945–967. doi:10.1017/S0954579402004157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maehler, C., & Schuchardt, K. (2009). Working memory functioning in children with learning disabilities: Does intelligence make a difference? Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53(1), 3–10. doi:10.1111/jir.2008.53.issue-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthys, W., Vanderschuren, L. J., Schutter, D. J., & Lochman, J. E. (2012). Impaired neurocognitive functions affect social learning processes in oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: Implications for interventions. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 15(3), 234–246. doi:10.1007/s10567-012-0118-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthys, W., Van Goozen, S. H. M., Snoek, H., & Van Engeland, H. (2004). Response perseveration and sensitivity to reward and punishment in boys with oppositional defiant disorder. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 13, 362–364. doi:10.1007/s00787-004-0395-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayes, S. D., & Calhoun, S. L. (2007). Learning, attention, writing, and processing speed in typical children and children with ADHD, autism, anxiety, depression, and oppositional-defiant disorder. Child Neuropsychology, 13(6), 469–493. doi:10.1080/09297040601112773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQuade, J. D., Murray-Close, D., Shoulberg, E. K., & Hoza, B. (2013). Working memory and social functioning in children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 115, 422–435. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2013.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake, A., & Friedman, N. P. (2012). The nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions four general conclusions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(1), 8–14. doi:10.1177/0963721411429458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49–100. doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, A. B., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2000). A meta-analytic review of the relation between antisocial behavior and neuropsychological measures of executive function. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 113–136. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00096-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberauer, K., Schulze, R., Wilhelm, O., & Süß, H. M. (2005). Working memory and intelligence – Their correlation and their relation: Comment on Ackerman, Beier, and Boyle. Psychological Bulletin, 131(1), 61–65. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oosterlaan, J., Logan, G. D., & Sergeant, J. A. (1998). Response inhibition in AD/HD, CD, comorbid AD/HD + CD, anxious, and control children: A meta-analysis of studies with the stop task. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39(3), 411–425. doi:10.1017/S0021963097002072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oosterlaan, J., Scheres, A., & Sergeant, J. A. (2005). Which executive functioning deficits are associated with AD/HD, ODD/CD and comorbid AD/HD+ODD/CD? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33(1), 69–85. doi:10.1007/s10802-005-0935-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (1996). Inhibition in ADHD, aggressive, and anxious children: A biologically based model of child psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24(1), 19–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osório, A., Cruz, R., Sampaio, A., Garayzábal, E., Martinéz-Regueiro, R., Gonçalves, Ó. F., … Fernandéz-Prieto, M. (2012). How executive functions are related to intelligence in Williams syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33, 1169–1175. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polderman, T. J., Posthuma, D., De Sonneville, L. M., Stins, J. F., Verhulst, F. C., & Boomsma, D. I. (2007). Genetic analyses of the stability of executive functioning during childhood. Biological Psychology, 76(1–2), 11–20. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponsioen, A., & Van der Molen, M. (2002). Cognitieve vaardigheden van licht verstandelijk gehandicapte kinderen en jongeren [Cognitive skills of children with mild intellectual disabilities]. Utrecht: ’s Heeren Loo.
   Google Scholar
• Raaijmakers, M. A. J., Smidts, D. P., Sergeant, J. A., Maassen, G. H., Posthumus, J. A., Van Engeland, H., & Matthys, W. (2008). Executive functions in preschool children with aggressive behavior: Impairments in inhibitory control. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 1097–1107. doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9235-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rommelse, N. N. J., Altink, M. E., De Sonneville, L. M. J., Buschgens, C. J. M., Buitelaar, J., Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (2007). Are motor inhibition and cognitive flexibility dead ends in ADHD? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 957–967. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9146-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rommelse, N. N. J., Altink, M. E., Martin, N. C., Buschgens, C. J. M., Faraone, S. V., Buitelaar, J. K., … Oosterlaan, J. (2008). Relationship between endophenotype and phenotype in ADHD. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 4, 4. doi:10.1186/1744-9081-4-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoemaker, K., Bunte, T., Espy, K. A., Deković, M., & Matthys, W. (2014). Executive functions in preschool children with ADHD and DBD: An 18-month longitudinal study. Developmental Neuropsychology, 39(4), 302–315. doi:10.1080/87565641.2014.911875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoemaker, K., Bunte, T., Wiebe, S. A., Espy, K. A., Deković, M., & Matthys, W. (2012). Executive function deficits in preschool children with ADHD and DBD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 111–119. doi:10.1111/jcpp.2012.53.issue-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoemaker, K., Mulder, H., Deković, M., & Matthys, W. (2013). Executive functions in preschool children with externalizing behavior problems: A meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41, 457–471. doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9684-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuchardt, K., Gebhardt, M., & Mäehler, C. (2010). Working memory functions in children with different degrees of intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(4), 346–353. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01265.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuiringa, H., Van Nieuwenhuijzen, M., Orobio de Castro, B., Lochman, J. E., & Matthys, W. (in press). Effectiveness of an intervention for children with externalizing behavior and mild to borderline intellectual disabilities: A randomized trial.
   Google Scholar
• Séguin, J. R., Boulerice, B., Harden, P. W., Tremblay, R. E., & Pihl, R. O. (1999). Executive functions and physical aggression after controlling for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, general memory, and IQ. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40(8), 1197–1208. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Séguin, J. R., & Zelazo, P. D. (2005). Executive function in early physical aggression. In J. Archer, R. E. Tremblay, W. W. Hartup, & W. Willard (Eds.), Developmental origins of aggression (pp. 307–329). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Silverstein, A. B. (1970a). Reappraisal of the validity of a short form of Wechsler’s scales. Psychological Reports, 26, 559–561. doi:10.2466/pr0.1970.26.2.559
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverstein, A. B. (1970b). Reappraisal of the validity of WAIS, WISC, and WPPSI short forms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 34, 12–14. doi:10.1037/h0028680
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Netherlands. (2012). Jaarrapport Integratie 2012 [Annual Report Integration 2012]. Retrieved from http://www.cbs.nl/NR/rdonlyres/A1B765EE-5130-481AA8262DCCD89F81C9/0/2012b61pub.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013). Practitioner review: Do performance-based measures and ratings of executive function assess the same construct? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 131–143. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Molen, M. J., Van Luit, J. E. H., Jongmans, M. J., & Van der Molen, M. W. (2007). Verbal working memory in children with mild intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 51(2), 162–169. doi:10.1111/jir.2007.51.issue-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Molen, M. J., Van Luit, J. E. H., Van der Molen, M. W., Klugkist, I., & Jongmans, M. J. (2010). Effectiveness of a computerised working memory training in adolescents with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(5), 433–447. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01285.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Goozen, S. H. M., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Snoek, H., Matthys, W., Swaab-Barneveld, H., & Van Engeland, H. (2004). Executive functioning in children: A comparison of hospitalised ODD and ODD/ADHD children and normal controls. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(2), 284–292. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00220.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Nieuwenhuijzen, M., Orobio de Castro, B., Van Aken, M. A. G., & Matthys, W. (2009). Impulse control and aggressive response generation as predictors of aggressive behaviour in children with mild intellectual disabilities and borderline intelligence. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53(3), 233–242. doi:10.1111/jir.2009.53.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Nieuwenhuijzen, M., & Vriens, A. (2012). (Social) Cognitive skills and social information processing in children with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33, 426–434. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2011.09.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhulst, F. C., Van der Ende, J., & Koot, H. M. (1996). Handleiding voor de CBCL 4-18 [Manual for the CBCL]. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Sophia Children’s Hospital/Academic Hospital Rotterdam, Erasmus University Rotterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Verhulst, F. C., Van der Ende, J., & Koot, H. M. (1997). Handleiding voor de Teacher’s Report Form (TRF) [Manual for the TRF]. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Sophia Children’s Hospital/ Academic Hospital Rotterdam, Erasmus University Rotterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Visser, E. M., Berger, H. J. C., Van Schrojenstein Lantman-De Valk, H. M. J., Prins, J. B., & Teunisse, J. P. (2015). Cognitive shifting and externalising problem behaviour in intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 59, 755–766. doi:10.1111/jir.12182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar