Publication Cover
Child Neuropsychology
A Journal on Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence
Volume 29, 2023 - Issue 4
352
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Dissociable effects of positive feedback on the capture and inhibition of impulsive behavior in adolescents with ADHD versus typically developing adolescents

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, & ORCID Icon
Pages 543-568 | Received 20 Jun 2021, Accepted 07 Jul 2022, Published online: 18 Aug 2022

References

  • Aarts, E., Wallace, D. L., Dang, L. C., Jagust, W. J., Cools, R., & D’Esposito, M. (2014). Dopamine and the cognitive downside of a promised bonus. Psychological Science, 25(4), 1003–1009. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613517240
  • Adam, J. J. (2000). The additivity of stimulus–response compatibility with perceptual and motor factors in a visual choice reaction time task. Acta Psychologica, 105(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-6918(00)00042-1
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Forth Edition Revised (DSM IV-TR). Traduction française : Manuel diagnostique et statistique des troubles mentaux. Paris : Masson, 2004.
  • Arnsten, A. F., & Rubia, K. (2012). Neurobiological circuits regulating attention, cognitive control, motivation, and emotion: Disruptions in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(4), 356–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.01.008
  • Aron, A. R. (2007). The neural basis of inhibition in cognitive control. The Neuroscientist, 13(3), 214–228. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858407299288
  • Aron, A. R., & Verbruggen, F. (2008). Stop the presses : Dissociating a selective from a global mechanism for stopping. Psychological Science, 19(11), 1146–1153. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02216.x
  • Aron, A. R. (2011). From reactive to proactive and selective control : Developing a richer model for stopping inappropriate responses. Biological Psychiatry, 69(12), e55–e68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.07.024
  • Aron, A. R., Herz, D. M., Brown, P., Forstmann, B. U., & Zaghloul, K. (2016). Frontosubthalamic circuits for control of action and cognition. The Journal of Neuroscience, 36(45), 11489–11495. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2348-16.2016
  • Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions : Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.65
  • Botvinick, M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychological Review, 108(3), 624–652. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.108.3.624
  • Botvinick, M., & Braver, T. (2015). Motivation and cognitive control : From behavior to neural mechanism. Annual Review of Psychology, 66(1), 83–113. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015044
  • Bubnik, M. G., Hawk, L. W., Jr., Pelham, W. E., Jr., Waxmonsky, J. G., & Rosch, K. S. (2015). Reinforcement enhances vigilance among children with ADHD: Comparisons to typically developing children and to the effects of methylphenidate. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(1), 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9891-8
  • Burle, B., & Bonnet, M. (1997). Further argument for the existence of a pacemaker in the human information processing system. Acta Psychologica, 97(2), 129–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-6918(97)00028-0
  • Burle, B., Possamaï, C.-A., Vidal, F., Bonnet, M., & Hasbroucq, T. (2002). Executive control in the Simon effect : An electromyographic and distributional analysis. Psychological Research, 66(4), 324–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-002-0105-6
  • Burle, B., van den Wildenberg, W., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2005). Dynamics of facilitation and interference in cue-priming and Simon tasks. The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 17(5), 619–641. https://doi.org/10.1080/09541440540000121
  • Cao, J., Wang, S., Ren, Y., Zhang, Y., Cai, J., Tu, W., Shen, H., Dong, X., & Xia, Y. (2013). Interference control in 6–11 year‐old children with and without ADHD : Behavioral and ERP study. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 31(5), 342–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.04.005
  • Carter, C. S., Macdonald, A. M., Botvinick, M., Ross, L. L., Stenger, V. A., Noll, D., & Cohen, J. D. (2000). Parsing executive processes : Strategic vs. evaluative functions of the anterior cingulate cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97(4), 1944–1948. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.4.1944
  • Casey, B. J., Thomas, K. M., Welsh, T. F., Badgaiyan, R. D., Eccard, C. H., Jennings, J. R., & Crone, E. A. (2000). Dissociation of response conflict, attentional selection, and expectancy with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97(15), 8728–8733. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.15.8728
  • Chambers, C. D., Garavan, H., & Bellgrove, M. A. (2009). Insights into the neural basis of response inhibition from cognitive and clinical neuroscience. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 33(5), 631–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.016
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Conners, C. K. (1969). A teacher rating scale for use in drug studies with children. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 126(6), 884–888. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.126.6.884
  • Cools, R., & D’Esposito, M. (2011). Inverted-U–shaped dopamine actions on human working memory and cognitive control. Biological Psychiatry, 69(12), e113–e125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.03.028
  • Demurie, E., Roeyers, H., Wiersema, J. R., & Sonuga-Barke, E. (2016). No evidence for inhibitory deficits or altered reward processing in ADHD : Data from a new integrated monetary incentive delay go/no-go task. Journal of Attention Disorders, 20(4), 353–367. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054712473179
  • Dickstein, S. G., Bannon, K., Castellanos, X., & Milham, M. P. (2006). The neural correlates of attention deficit hyperacticity disorder: An ALE meta-analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(10), 1051–1062. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01671.x
  • Dovis, S., Van der Oord, S., Huizenga, H. M., Wiers, R. W., & Prins, P. J. M. (2015). Prevalence and diagnostic validity of motivational impairments and deficits in visuospatial short-term memory and working memory in ADHD subtypes. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 24(5), 575–590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-014-0612-1
  • Durston, S., Fossella, J. A., Mulder, M. J., Casey, B. J., Ziermans, T. B., Vessaz, M. N., & Van Engeland, H. (2008). Dopamine transporter genotype conveys familial risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder through striatal activation. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(1), 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1097/chi.0b013e31815a5f17
  • Emond, V., Joyal, C., & Poissant, H. (2009). Neuroanatomie structurelle et fonctionnelle du trouble déficitaire d’attention avec ou sans hyperactivité (TDAH). L’Encéphale, 35(2), 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2008.01.005
  • Eriksen, B. A., & Eriksen, C. W. (1974). Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Perception & Psychophysics, 16(1), 143–149. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03203267
  • Fassbender, C., & Schweitzer, J. B. (2006). Is there evidence for neural compensation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? A review of the functional neuroimaging literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(4), 445–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.003
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
  • Fluchère, F., Deveaux, M., Burle, B., Vidal, F., van den Wildenberg, W. P. M., Witjas, T., Eusebio, A., Azulay, J.-P., & Hasbroucq, T. (2015). Dopa therapy and action impulsivity : Subthreshold error activation and suppression in Parkinson’s disease. Psychopharmacology, 232(10), 1735–1746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3805-x
  • Fluchère, F., Burle, B., Vidal, F., van den Wildenberg, W., Witjas, T., Eusebio, A., Azulay, J.-P., & Hasbroucq, T. (2018). Subthalamic nucleus stimulation, dopaminergic treatment and impulsivity in Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 117, 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.02.016
  • Forstmann, B. U., van den Wildenberg, W. P. M., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2008). Neural mechanisms, temporal dynamics, and individual differences in interference control. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20(10), 1854–1865. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20122
  • Fosco, W. D., White, C. N., & Hawk, L. W., Jr (2017). Acute Stimulant Treatment and Reinforcement Increase the Speed of Information Accumulation in Children with ADHD. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 45(5), 911–920. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-016-0222-0
  • Geurts, H. M., Luman, M., & van Meel, C. S. (2008). What’s in a game : The effect of social motivation on interference control in boys with ADHD and autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(8), 848–857. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01916.x
  • Grandjean, A., Suarez, I., Miquee, A., DaFonseca, D., & Casini, L. A. (2021). Differential response to pharmacological intervention in ADHD furthers our understanding of the mechanisms of interference control. Cognitive Neuropsychology in Press, 38(2), 138–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2021.1908979
  • Grandjean, A., Suarez, I., Diaz, E., Spieser, L., Burle, B., Blaye, A., & Casini, L. (2021). Stronger impulse capture and impaired inhibition of prepotent action in children with ADHD performing a Simon task: An electromyographic study. Neuropsychology, 35(4), 399–410. in press. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000668
  • Groom, M. J., Scerif, G., Liddle, P. F., Batty, M. J., Liddle, E. B., Roberts, K. L., Cahill, J. D., Liotti, M., & Hollis, C. (2010). Effects of motivation and medication on electrophysiological markers of response inhibition in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 67(7), 624–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.029
  • Gupta, N., & Aron, A. R. (2011). Urges for food and money spill over into motor system excitability before action is taken : Urges modulate motor excitability. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 33(1), 183–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07510.x
  • Haber, S. N., & Knutson, B. (2010). The reward circuit : Linking primate anatomy and human imaging. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35(1), 4–26. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2009.129
  • Hammer, R., Tennekoon, M., Cooke, G. E., Gayda, J., Stein, M. A., & Booth, J. R. (2015). Feedback associated with expectation for larger-reward improves visuospatial working memory performances in children with ADHD. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2015.06.002
  • Hart, H., Radua, J., Nakao, T., Mataix-Cols, D., & Rubia, K. (2013). Meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of inhibition and attention in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder : Exploring task-specific, stimulant medication, and age effects. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(2), 185. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.277
  • Hasbroucq, T., Guiard, Y., & Kornblum, S. (1989). The additivity of stimulus-response compatibility with the effects of sensory and motor factors in a tactile choice reaction time task. Acta Psychologica, 72(2), 139–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(89)90040-1
  • Hasbroucq, T., Mouret, I., Seal, J., & Akamatsu, M. (1995). Finger pairings in two-choice reaction time tasks : Does the between-hands advantage reflect response preparation? Journal of Motor Behavior, 27(3), 251–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.1995.9941715
  • Hasbroucq, T., Rihet, P., Blin, O., & Possamaı̈, C.-A. (1997). Serotonin and human information processing : Fluvoxamine can improve reaction time performance. Neuroscience Letters, 229(3), 204–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(97)00451-5
  • Hedge, A., & Marsh, N. W. A. (1975). The effect of irrelevant spatial correspondences on two-choice response-time. Acta Psychologica, 39(6), 427–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(75)90041-4
  • Holroyd, C. B., & Yeung, N. (2012). Motivation of extended behaviors by anterior cingulate cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(2), 122–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2011.12.008
  • Homack, S., & Riccio, C. A. (2004). A meta-analysis of the sensitivity and specificity of the Stroop Color and Word Test with children. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19(6), 725–743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2003.09.003
  • Hommel, B. (2011). The Simon effect as tool and heuristic. Acta Psychologica, 136(2), 189–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.04.011
  • Jonkman, L. M., Kemner, C., Verbaten, M. N., Van Engeland, H., Kenemans, J. L., Camfferman, G., Buitelaar, J. K., & Koelega, H. S. (1999). Perceptual and response interference in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and the effects of methylphenidate. Psychophysiology, 36(4), 419–429. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8986.3640419
  • Kapogiannis, D., Campion, P., Grafman, J., & Wassermann, E. M. (2008). Reward-related activity in the human motor cortex. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 27(7), 1836–1842. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06147.x
  • Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U., Flynn, C., Moreci, P., Williamson, D., & Ryan, N. (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL) : Initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(7), 980–988. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021
  • Klein, P.-A., Olivier, E., & Duque, J. (2012). Influence of reward on corticospinal excitability during movement preparation. Journal of Neuroscience, 32(50), 18124–18136. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1701-12.2012
  • Knutson, B., Adams, C. M., Fong, G. W., & Hommer, D. (2001). Anticipation of increasing monetary reward selectively recruits nucleus accumbens. Journal of Neuroscience, 21(16), RC159. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-16-j0002.2001
  • Konrad, K., Gauggel, S., Manz, A., & Schöll, M. (2000). Lack of inhibition : A motivational deficit in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and children with traumatic brain injury. Child Neuropsychology, 6(4), 286–296. https://doi.org/10.1076/chin.6.4.286.3145
  • Konrad, K., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2010). Is the ADHD brain wired differently? A review on structural and functional connectivity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Human Brain Mapping, 31(6), 904–916. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.21058
  • Kornblum, S., Hasbroucq, T., & Osman, A. (1990). Dimensional overlap : Cognitive basis for stimulus-response compatibility–A model and taxonomy. Psychological Review, 97(2), 253–270. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.97.2.253
  • Kouneiher, F., Charron, S., & Koechlin, E. (2009). Motivation and cognitive control in the human prefrontal cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 12(7), 939–945. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2321
  • Krebs, R. M., Boehler, C. N., & Woldorff, M. G. (2010). The influence of reward associations on conflict processing in the Stroop task. Cognition, 117(3), 341–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2010.08.018
  • Leotti, L. A., & Wager, T. D. (2010). Motivational influences on response inhibition measures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 36(2), 430–447. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016802
  • Luman, M., Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (2005). The impact of reinforcement contingencies on AD/HD: A review and theoretical appraisal. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(2), 183–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.11.001
  • Luman, M., Tripp, G., & Scheres, A. (2010). Identifying the neurobiology of altered reinforcement sensitivity in ADHD: A review and research agenda. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 34(5), 744–754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.021
  • Ma, I., van Holstein, M., Mies, G. W., Mennes, M., Buitelaar, J., Cools, R., Cillessen, A. H. N., Krebs, R. M., & Scheres, A. (2016). Ventral striatal hyperconnectivity during rewarded interference control in adolescents with ADHD. Cortex, 82, 225–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2016.05.021
  • Magis-Weinberg, L., Custers, R., & Dumontheil, I. (2019). Rewards enhance proactive and reactive control in adolescence and adulthood. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 14(11), 1219–1232. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsz093
  • Mick, E., & Faraone, S. V. (2008). Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 17(2), 261–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2007.11.011
  • Mooshagian, E., Keisler, A., Zimmermann, T., Schweickert, J. M., & Wassermann, E. M. (2015). Modulation of corticospinal excitability by reward depends on task framing. Neuropsychologia, 68, 31–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.12.021
  • Mullane, J. C., Corkum, P. V., Klein, R. M., & McLaughlin, E. (2009). Interference control in children with and without ADHD : A systematic review of flanker and simon task performance. Child Neuropsychology, 15(4), 321–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297040802348028
  • Nigg, J. T. (2001). Is ADHD a disinhibitory disorder? Psychological Bulletin, 127(5), 571–598. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.5.571
  • Nigg, J. T., Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2005). Causal heterogeneity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder : Do we need neuropsychologically impaired subtypes? Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1224–1230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.08.025
  • Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (1998). Effects of reward and response cost on response inhibition in AD/HD, disruptive, anxious, and normal children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26(3), 161–174. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022650216978
  • Padmala, S., & Pessoa, L. (2011). Reward reduces conflict by enhancing attentional control and biasing visual cortical processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(11), 3419–3432. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00011
  • Polanczyk, G., de Lima, M. S., Horta, B. L., Biederman, J., & Rohde, L. A. (2007). The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: A systematic review and metaregression analysis. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(6), 942–948. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.942
  • Proctor, R. W. (2011). Playing the Simon game: Use of the Simon task for investigating human information processing. Acta Psychologica, 136(2), 182–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.06.010
  • Ramdani, C., Carbonnell, L., Vidal, F., Béranger, C., Dagher, A., & Hasbroucq, T. (2015). Dopamine precursors depletion impairs impulse control in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 232(2), 477–487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3686-z
  • Ratcliff, R. (1979). Group reaction time distributions and an analysis of distribution statistics. Psychological Bulletin, 86(3), 446–461. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.446
  • Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2002). Activation and suppression in conflict tasks: Empirical clarification through distributional analyses. In W. Prinz, & B. Hommel (Eds.), Common mechanisms in perception and action. Attention & performance, XIX (pp. 494–519). Oxford University Press.
  • Ridderinkhof, K. R., van den Wildenberg, W. P. M., Segalowitz, S. J., & Carter, C. S. (2004). Neurocognitive mechanisms of cognitive control: The role of prefrontal cortex in action selection, response inhibition, performance monitoring, and reward-based learning. Brain and Cognition, 56(2), 129–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2004.09.016
  • Ridderinkhof, K. R., van den Wildenberg, W. P. M., Wijnen, J., & Burle, B. (2004). Response inhibition in conflict tasks is revealed in delta plots. In M. I. Posner (Ed.), Cognitive neuroscience of attention (pp. 369–377). The Guilford Press.
  • Ridderinkhof, K. R., Ullsperger, M., Crone, E. A., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2004). The role of the medial frontal cortex in cognitive control. Science, 306(5695), 443–447. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1100301
  • Ridderinkhof, K. R., Scheres, A., Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (2005). Delta plots in the study of individual differences: New tools reveal response inhibition deficits in AD/HD that are eliminated by methylphenidate treatment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(2), 197–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.114.2.197
  • Ridderinkhof, K. R., Forstmann, B. U., Wylie, S. A., Burle, B., & van den Wildenberg, W. P. M. (2011). Neurocognitive mechanisms of action control: Resisting the call of the Sirens: Neurocognitive mechanisms of action control. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 2(2), 174–192. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.99
  • Rihet, P., Hasbroucq, T., Blin, O., & Possamaı̈, C.-A. (1999). Serotonin and human information processing: An electromyographic study of the effects of fluvoxamine on choice reaction time. Neuroscience Letters, 265(2), 143–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00231-1
  • Rosch, K. S., & Hawk, L. W., Jr. (2013). The effects of performance‐based rewards on neurophysiological correlates of stimulus, error, and feedback processing in children with ADHD. Psychophysiology, 50(11), 1157–1173. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12127
  • Rosch, K. S., Fosco, W. D., Pelham, W. E., Jr., Waxmonsky, J. G., Bubnik, M. G., & Hawk, L. W., Jr. (2016). Reinforcement and stimulant medication ameliorate deficient response inhibition in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(2), 309–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-0031-x
  • Sanders, A. F. (1998). Elements of human performance: Reaction processes and attention. In N. J. Mahwah (Ed.), Self-Control in society, mind, and brain (pp. 507–556). Erlbaum.
  • Scheres, A., Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (2001). Response inhibition in children with DSM-IV subtypes of AD/HD and related disruptive disorders: The role of reward. Child Neuropsychology, 7(3), 172–189. https://doi.org/10.1076/chin.7.3.172.8746
  • Simon, J. R. (1969). Reactions toward the source of stimulation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81(1), 174–176. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0027448
  • Simon, J. R. (1990). The effects of an irrelevant directional cue on human information processing. In R. W. Proctor, & T. G. Reeve (Eds.), Stimulus-response compatibility: An integrated perspective (pp. 31–86). North-Holland.
  • Slusarek, M., Velling, S., Bunk, D., & Eggers, C. (2001). Motivational effects on inhibitory control in children with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(3), 355–363. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200103000-00016
  • Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2002). Psychological heterogeneity in AD/HD—a dual pathway model of behaviour and cognition. Behavioural Brain Research, 130(1–2), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4328(01)00432-6
  • Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2003). The dual pathway model of AD/HD: An elaboration of neuro-developmental characteristics. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 27(7), 593–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.08.005
  • Spielberg, J. M., Miller, G. A., Warren, S. L., Engels, A. S., Crocker, L. D., Banich, M. T., Sutton, B. P., & Heller, W. (2012). A brain network instantiating approach and avoidance motivation. Psychophysiology, 49(9), 1200–1214. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01443.x
  • Sternberg, S. (1969). The discovery of processing stages: Extensions of Donders’ method. Acta Psychologica, 30, 276–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(69)90055-9
  • Strand, M. T., Hawk, L. W., Jr., Bubnik, M., Shiels, K., Pelham, W. E., Jr., & Waxmonsky, J. G. (2012). Improving working memory in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The separate and combined effects of incentives and stimulant medication. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(7), 1193–1207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-012-9627-6
  • Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18(6), 643–662. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054651
  • Stürmer, B., Redlich, M., Irlbacher, K., & Brandt, S. (2007). Executive control over response priming and conflict: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Experimental Brain Research, 183(3), 329–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-007-1053-6
  • Suarez, I., Burle, B., Tobon, C., Pineda, D., Lopera, F., Hasbroucq, T., & Casini, L. (2015a). Deciphering interference control in adults with ADHD by using distribution analyses and electromyographic activity. Acta Psychologica, 159, 85–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.05.010
  • Suarez, I., Vidal, F., Burle, B., & Casini, L. (2015b). A dual-task paradigm to study the interference reduction in the Simon task. Experimental Psychology, 62(2), 75–88. https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000275
  • Thabit, M. N., Nakatsuka, M., Koganemaru, S., Fawi, G., Fukuyama, H., & Mima, T. (2011). Momentary reward induce changes in excitability of primary motor cortex. Clinical Neurophysiology, 122(9), 1764–1770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2011.02.021
  • Tsal, Y., Shalev, L., & Mevorach, C. (2005). The diversity of attention deficits in ADHD: The prevalence of four cognitive factors in ADHD versus controls. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38(2), 142–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222194050380020401
  • Vaidya, C. J., Bunge, S. A., Dudukovic, N. M., Zalecki, C. A., Elliott, G. R., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2005). Altered neural substrates of cognitive control in childhood ADHD: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(9), 1605–1613. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1605
  • van den Berg, B., Krebs, R. M., Lorist, M. M., & Woldorff, M. G. (2014). Utilization of reward-prospect enhances preparatory attention and reduces stimulus conflict. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 14(2), 561–577. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-014-0281-z
  • van den Wildenberg, W. P. M., Wylie, S. A., Forstmann, B. U., Burle, B., Hasbroucq, T., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2010). To head or to heed? Beyond the surface of selective action inhibition: A review. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 4(222). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2010.00222
  • van Wouwe, N. C., Kanoff, K. E., Claassen, D. O., Spears, C. A., Neimat, J., van den Wildenberg, W. P. M., & Wylie, S. A. (2016). Dissociable effects of dopamine on the initial capture and the reactive inhibition of impulsive actions in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 28(5), 710–723. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00930
  • Veling, H., & Aarts, H. (2010). Cueing task goals and earning money: Relatively high monetary rewards reduce failures to act on goals in a Stroop task. Motivation and Emotion, 34(2), 184–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-010-9160-2
  • Vincent, S. B. (1912). The function of the vibrissae in the behavior of the white rat. Behavioral Monographs, 1(5), 1–181.
  • Ward, R., Danziger, S., Quirk, R. T., Goodson, L., & Downing, P. (2005). Suppression of involuntary spatial response activation requires selective attention. Visual Cognition, 12(2), 376–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506280444000238
  • Wijnen, J. G., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2007). Response inhibition in motor and oculomotor conflict tasks: Different mechanisms, different dynamics? Brain and Cognition, 63(3), 260–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2006.09.003
  • Winer, B. J. (1970). Statistical principles in experimental design. MC Graw Hill Book.
  • Wylie, S. A., Ridderinkhof, K. R., Bashore, T. R., & van den Wildenberg, W. P. M. (2010). The effect of Parkinson’s disease on the dynamics of on-line and proactive cognitive control during action selection. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(9), 2058–2073. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21326
  • Wylie, S. A., van den Wildenberg, W., Ridderinkhof, K. R., Claassen, D. O., Wooten, G. F., & Manning, C. A. (2012). Differential susceptibility to motor impulsivity among functional subtypes of Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 83(12), 1149–1154. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2012-303056
  • Wylie, S. A., Claassen, D., Kanoff, K., Ridderinkhof, K., & van den Wildenberg, W. (2013). Impaired inhibition of prepotent motor actions in patients with Tourette syndrome. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 38(5), 349–356. https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.120138

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.